Vol. 7, No. 82. 
Issued Monthly. 



JUNE, 1898. 



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CONSTITUTION 
BY-LAWS 



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NEW YORK CHICAGO 



CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS AND 
ATHLETIC RULES 



Olcstcrn Tntcrcollegiate 
flmateur 

fltbktic Association 



ADOPTED BY THE ASSOCIATICN APRiL 2,4C% 



JUN "41898 } 



Published under the Authorization of the GradtJatT' Executive 
Committee 



AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING CO. 

J 6 and 18 Park Place, New York 

Copyright, 1898, by American Sports Publishing Co., New York. 



THE WESTERN INTERCOLLEGIATE 
AMATEUR ATHLETIC 

ASSOCIATION 1,^ 



PRESIDENT 

James II. Mayhury, University of Wisconsin 

VICE-PRESIDENT 

Allan Campbell, University of Michigan. 

SECRETARY-TREASURER 

CHARLES S. WILLISTON, 153 LaSalle St., Chicago, I 



^rari».te* Executive €otnmime 

Joseph E. Rayckoft, C/iair»ian. 



George E. Waldo, . 
John A. Jameson, 
Samuel S. Paquin, . 
Sherman R. Duffy, . 
Evans Holbrook, . 
David II. Jackson, . 
Charles S. Williston, 
Lee D. Mathias, 



University of Wisconsin. 

University of Michigan. 

University of Minnesota. 

University of Illinois. 

Leland Stanford, Jr., University. 

Lake Forest University. 

Iowa College (Grinnell). 

DePauw University. 



members of the jFIssocution 



DePauw University. 

Drake University. 

Iowa College (Grinnell). 
Knox College. 

Lake Forest University. 
Leland Stanford Jr. , University. 
Northwestern University. 
Purdue University. 

The University of Califoinia. 

The University of Chicago. 

The University of Illinois. 
The University of Iowa. 

The University of Michigan. 

The University of Minnesota. 

The University of Nebraska. 

The University of Wisconsin, 
Yankton (^.oUege. 



NDEX. 



Officers ....... 2 

Members ....... 3 

Constitution ...... 5 

By-Laws ...... 10 

Rules for Awarding the Spalding Trophy . . 14 

Rules of Eligibility ..... 16 

Athletic Rules ..... .22 

Records of Meets of 1895, 1896, 1897 ... 35 

Detailed Records ... . . 36 

Articles of Alliance with A. A. U. . . .39 

01)ituary — John V. Crum .... 41 

A Handbook of Track and Field Sports . . 49 

General Training . . Ed W.{^"-Dad'') Jhuilton ^i 

The Management of Meets H. S. Cornish 57 

The 100 and 220 Yard Runs J. H. Maybury 61 

Training for a Quarter Mile Run D. H. Jackson 67 



A Dissertation on the Mile Run 

The Half Mile and Mile Runs 

The Mile Walk 

Hurdling 

The Bicycle Events 

The Running Broad Jump 

Hammer Throwing . 

Pole Vaulting 

Putting the Shot 



Henry B. Cragin, Jr. 70 

Edwin Bingham Cope land 75 

Frank Scott Bunnell 80 

Jno. R. Richards 83 

Earl W. Peabody 89 

J a vies A- Leroy 91 

Frederick W . P^on Oz'oi 97 
A Ivan Fi. Culver 103 

Henry F. Cochems 108 



CONSTITUTION. 

ARTICLE I. 

NAME. 

This Association shall have for its name the Western 
Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic Association. 

ARTICLE II. 
object. 
The object of the Association shall be the control and 
development of amateur track and field sports among the 
colleges of the western United States. 



ARTICLE III. 
memp.ers. 
Membership in this Association shall be limited to insti- 
tutions which have collegiate standing. 

ARTICLE IV. 

OFFICERS. 

Section i. The officers of the Association shall be the 
President the Vice-President, the Secretary-Treasurer, 
and the members of the Graduate Executive Committee. ' 

Sec. 2. The President shall be a representative of that 
member of the Association which scores the highest num- 
ber of points at the Championship Games of the year pre- 
ceding his term of office. He shall be an undergraduate 
at the time of his election; by undergraduate is meant 



6 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

undergraduate in any department. He shall be elected by 
the aforesaid member and his credentials forwarded to 
the Secretary-Treasurer no later than November 15 of the 
year in which the aforesaid member has become entitled 
to make such election. 

Sec. 3. The Vice-President shall be a representative of 
that member of the Association which scores the next to 
the highest number of points at the Championship Games 
of the year preceding his term of office. He shall be 
elected in the same manner and subject to the same quali- 
fications as the President. 

Sec. 4. The Secretary-Treasurer shall be a resident of 
the city of Chicago, and shall be elected by the Graduate 
Executive Committee and from its own number, but these 
qualifications shall not operate to affect the present Sec- 
retary-Treasurer. 

Sec. 5. The members of the Graduate Executive Com- 
mittee shall be residents of the city of Chicago, and shall 
be alumni of the institutions which they represent. No 
member of the said Committee shall have any student or 
professional connection with that member which he repre- 
sents, but this clause shall not operate to affect any present 
member of the Committee. Each of the nine ranking 
members of the Association at the Championship Games 
of the Academic year preceding shall be entitled to a rep- 
resentative upon the aforesaid Committee, and shall ap- 
point said representative, and forward his credentials to 
the Secretary-Treasurer, before November 15th of each 
year. Members of the aforesaid Committee shall continue 
in office until notice of the election of their successors 
has been received by the Secretary-Treasurer, 

Sec. 6, The officers of the Graduate Executive Commit- 
tee shall be a Chairman and a Secretary-Treasurer, who 
shall be elected by the Committee at its first regular meet- 
ing in each Academic year. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 7 

ARTICLE V. 

ATHLETIC GA^[ES. 

Section i. The Annual Championship Games of the 
Association shall be held in the city of Chicago on the first 
Saturday of June. 

Sec. 2. At the discretion of the Graduate Executive 
Committee one indoor meet may be held annually in the 
city of Chicago. Such meet shall be held in the name of 
the Association, and shall be open only to members of the 
Association ; but the Association shall assume no financial 
responsibility for such meet, nor shall such meet be a 
championship meet. 



ARTICLE VI. 
business meetings. 

Section i. The Annual Business Meeting of the Associ- 
ation shall be held in the city of Chicago upon the evening 
of the day of the Annual Championship Games. 

Sec. 2. At all business meetings each member may be 
represented by no more than three delegates, and shall 
have no more than one vote. 

Sec. 3. Any alumnus of any member of the Association 
may be present at any meeting of the Association, may 
make motions at such meeting, and may participate in 
discussion. 

Sec. 4. There shall be no voting by proxy. 



ARTICLE VII. 
dues. 
The annual dues shall be $5 from each member. The pay- 
ment of said dues shall accompany the making of entries 
to the Championship Games, and entries shall not be al- 
lowed unless accompanied by said dues. 



8 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

SUSPENSION AND EXPULSION. 

Section i. The Graduate Executive Committee may sus- 
pend any member by a two-thirds vote. At the Annual 
Business Meeting next following such suspension the As- 
sociation shall either reinstate said member by a majority 
vote or expel by a two-thirds vote. 

Sec. 2. No suspended member shall be reinstated, nor 
shall any member which has been expelled or which has 
forfeited its membership be readmitted without the pay- 
ment of all back dues and assessments. 



ARTICLE IX. 
forfeiture. 
Any member which for two successive years shall fail 
to compete at the Championship Games of the Association 
shall forfeit its membership. 



ARTICLE X. 

GAMES OFFICIALS. 

No person who has ever had any official connection with 
any member of this Association shall be permitted to act 
as an official at any games of the Association. 



ARTICLE XL 

NEW MEMBERS. 

Upon the receipt of a written application for admission 
into the Association, the Secretary-Treasurer shall at once 
submit such application to a mailed vote of the Associa- 
tion. Such application must be accompanied by an admis- 
sion fee of $5. It shall require a two-thirds vote of the 
Association to admit a new member. 



VV. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. Q 

ARTICLE XII. 

COMPACT. ■ 

Each member agrees to abide by the Constitution, By- 
Laws and Rules of this Association. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

AMENDMENTS. 

No addition, alteration, or amendment shall be made to 
this Constitution or to the By-Laws of this Association 
save by a two-thirds vote of the Association. 



BY = LAWS. 

ARTICLE L 

DUTIES OF OFFICERS. 

Section i. The President shall preside at all meetings of 
the Association, and may, upon his own motion, put any 
matter to vote before the Association. He shall have 
power to call meetings of the Graduate Executive Com- 
mittee, and may, upon his own motion, put any matter to 
vote before that body. 

Sec. 2. The Secretary-Treasurer shall keep the minutes 
of the Association and of the Graduate Executive Com- 
mittee. He shall have charge of and be responsible for 
all writings and moneys belonging to the Association, and 
shall submit a report to the Association at its Annual 
Business Meeting. Such report shall, before its presenta- 
tion to the Association, have been approved by an account- 
ant and sub-committee appointed by the Graduate Execu- 
tive Committee. The Secretary-Treasurer shall deposit 
bond in the amount of $500 with some person designated 
by the Graduate Executive Committee. 

Sec. 3. The Graduate Executive Committee shall have 
entire charge and direction of all athletic meets of the 
Association, shall decide all cases of protest, and shall have 
the power to determine the manner of hearing and ruling 
on all such protests. This Committee shall also direct 
the general policy of the Association, and shall make a 
report to the Association at each Annual Business Meet- 
ing. The said Committee shall also have power to levy 
special assessment on the members of the Association, not 
to exceed fifteen dollars in any one year. 

ARTICLE II. 

ENTRIES AND PROTESTS. 

Section i. Entries to the Championship Games shall 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. II 

close at least twenty-one days before the day assigned for 
the games, and shall be filed with the Secretary-Treasurer. 

At the time when said lists are so filed the University 
of California and Leland Stanford, Jr.. University shall 
be required to exchange duplicates of their lists of en- 
tries, said duplicates to be attested and certified to as pro- 
vided in Sec. 2 of this Article. 

Sec. 2. All entries shall be made on printed entry blanks 
furnished by the Secretary-Treasurer, and such blanks 
shall have printed on their face the rules of eligibility of 
this Association, and also a certificate in the following 
form, which certificate shall be signed by the Registrar or 
some such regularly constituted authority of the college 
from which the competitors are entered : "I hereby certify 
that the following men, in number, are eligible ac- 
cording to the above articles of the Constitution and By- 
laws of the W. I. A. A. A." 

■ Sec. 3. At least nineteen days before the annual games 
a printed list of all the entries shall be sent by registered 
mail by the Secretary-Treasurer to all members of the 
Association. Protests against competitors and evidence 
in support thereof must be filed with said Secretary-Treas- 
urer at least fourteen days before the annual games. Evi- 
dence in support of such protests shall be in the nature of 
statement.^ under oath. At the time such protests and evi- 
dence are sent, duplicates thereof shall be sent, by regis- 
tered mail, to the member which has entered the protested 
competitor or competitors. Any defense to such protests 
must be filed with the Secretary-Treasurer at least seven 
days before the games ; such defense shall be of the nature 
of counter-proofs under oath, and duplicate copies of such 
counter-proofs shall be sent by the protested member to 
the protesting member by registered mail at least seven 
days before the games. 

Sec. 4. Evidence of the service of such copies of entries, 
protests, and counter-proofs referred to in this Article 
shall be made by United States registered mail receipts. 



12 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

signed by the proper athletic authorities of the college to 
which said copies have been sent. 

Sec. 5. Whenever a breach of the amateur rules of the 
Association is brought to the knowledge of the Graduate 
Executive Committee, otherwise than in the manner above 
specified, the said Committee shall have power to take 
such steps as it shall deem necessary to insure the amateur 
character of the games ; provided that this discretion shall 
not be exercised so as to deprive any man entered as a 
competitor of an opportunity for a defense. 

ARTICLE III. 

NUMBER OF ENTRIES. 

Section i. No member shall enter more than eight men 
for any one event, or start more than three. 

Sec. 2. No member having unpaid dues or assessments 
owing the Association shall be allowed to compete at 
the Championship Games. 

ARTICLE IV. 
voting by mail. 

Section i. The Secretary-Treasurer, upon the written 
request of the President, or of three members of the As- 
sociation, or upon the order of the Graduate Executive 
Committee, shall submit any motion to a mailed vote of the 
Association. Such mailed vote shall close thirty days 
from the date upon which the motion is mailed by the 
Secretary, and the votes then received shall constitute a 
quorum of the Association. 

Sec. 2. Within five days after the closing of said vote 
with the Secretary-Treasurer, he must mail to each mem- 
ber of the Association a copy of the question and the result 
of the vote thereon, to wit : the number voting for and in 
opposition thereto, with a statement of whether said ques- 
tion has been carried or defeated. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. I.) 

ARTICLE V. 

RESERVE AND SURPLUS. 

Section- i. After a reserve fund of $300 has been set 
aside the net profits of the Annual Championship Games 
shall be divided among the competing members of the As- 
sociation upon a basis of mileage and competing entrants. 

Sec. 2. The aforesaid reserve fund shall be deposited in 
t1ie name of the Secretary-Treasurer in the savings de- 
partment of some bank designated by the Graduate Execu- 
tive Committee, and may be drawn upon only by written 
order of the Secretary-Treasurer under the direction of 
the Graduate Executive Committee. 
ARTICLE VI. 

PAYMENT OF BILLS. 

All bills shall be presented to the Graduate Executive 
Committee for auditing. In case of approval the chairman 
shall affix his signature, with date, which shall be an order 
upon the Secretary-Treasurer to pay. 



14 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

RULES FOR AWARDING THE SPALDING 
TROPHY. 

1. The trophy shall be competed for annually at the cham- 
pionship meeting of the W. I. A. A. A. from 1895 to 1903, 
inclusive, and shall become the permanent property of the 
college which shall win a plurality of the nine annual con- 
tests. 

2. The following shall be the method for counting in de- 
ciding the winning college annually: First place shall count 
5 points, second place shall count 3 points, and third place 
shall count i point. The college whose students win the 
largest total of points on the above basis shall be winners 
for that year, and the name of the college, together with 
the number of points scored, shall be engraved upon the 
trophy. 

3. The Graduate Executive Committee of the W. I. A. 
A. A. is appointed trustee of the trophy. 

4. The trophy shall be delivered to the winning college 
each year within ten days after the games of said year; said 
winning college, through proper representatives, shall 
furnish a bond to the Secretary-Treasurer of the Asso- 
ciation in the sum of $250, conditioned on the return 
of the trophy in good order not later than the first day of 
May of the year succeeding the winning of the cup, said 
bond to be signed by at least one member of the faculty of 
said winning college. On the said first day of May the 
trophy shall be returned to the Graduate Executive Com- 
mittee, and shall be held by them until the championship 
games. 

5. In the case of two or more colleges scoring an equal 
number of points, then, if one of those colleges shall have 
been champion for the previous year, that college shall 
continue to hold the championship and trophy for the en- 
suing year. 

6. In the case of two or more colleges scoring an equal 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. I5 

number of points, if neither of those colleges shall have 
been champion for the previous year, then the champion- 
ship shall be held in abeyance for the ensuing year, and 
merely the names of the colleges that make the tie shall be 
inscribed on the trophy, and the trophy shall be kept for 
the year by the Graduate Executive Committee. 



l6 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

RULES OF ELIGIBILITY. 

RULE I. 

No person shall be allowed to compete at any athletic 
meet of this Association who is not an amateur as set forth 
in Rule II. of these Rules of Eligibility. 

RULE II. 

DEFINITION OF AN AMATEUR. 

An amateur is a person who has never competed in an 
open competition, or for money, or under a false name, 
or with a professional for a prize, or with a professional 
where gate money is charged, nor has ever at any time 
taught, pursued, or assisted at athletic exercises for money, 
or for any valuable consideration. But nothing in this 
definition shall be construed to prohibit the competition 
between amateurs for medals, cups, or other prizes than 
money. And it is hereby expressly declared that this defi- 
nition is retroactive. 

To prevent any misunderstanding in reading the above, 
the Association draws attention to the following explana- 
tions and adjudications: 

An athlete has forfeited his right to compete as an ama- 
teur, and has thereby become a professional, by — 

(a) Ever having competed in an open competition of 
any sort of athletic exercise — i. e., a competition the en- 
tries to which are open to all, irrespective as to whether 
the competitors are amateurs or professionals, and whether 
such competition be for a prize or not. 

{b) Ever having competed for money in any athletic ex- 
ercise. 

{c) Ever having competed under a false name in any 
athletic exercise. 

(d) Ever having knowingly competed with a profes- 
sional for a prize, or where gate money is charged, in any 
athletic exercise. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 17 

{e) Ever having taught or pursued as a means of live- 
Hhood any athletic exercise. 

{f) Ever having directly or indirectly accepted or re- 
ceived remuneration for engaging in any athletic exercise. 
An athlete shall hereafter forfeit his right to compete 
as an amateur, and shall thereby become a professional, if. 
at any time, he shall — 

(a) Directly or indirectly receive payment for training 
or coaching any other person in any athletic exercise. 

{b) Directly or indirectly receive payment for services 
personally rendered in teaching any athletic exercise. 

(c) Directly or indirectly receive payment for services 
rendered as Referee, Judge, Umpire, Scorer, Manager, 
Director, or in any other capacity at any professional or 
amateur exhibition or contest of any athletic exercise what- 
soever. 

Ar^/^.—Nothing herein shall be construed to prohibit the 
acceptance by any amateur of his necessary traveling ex- 
penses incurred as Referee, Judge, Umpire, Scorer, or 
Starter, in going to and from the place of any amateur 
contest. 

Directly or indirectly run, manage or direct, for pros- 
pective profit, any professional exhibition or contest. 

An amateur shall not forfeit his right to compete as an 
amateur, and shall not become a professional, by — 

(a) Receiving compensation for services rendered as 
ticket-taker or ticket-seller at any contest or exhibition of 
amateur athletics. 

{b) Receiving compensation for services personally ren- 
dered as Secretary, Treasurer, Manager, or Superintend- 
ent of any amateur athletic club. 

(c) Receiving compensation as editor, correspondent, or 
reporter of, or contributor to, any sporting, athletic, or 
other paper or periodical. 

{d) Running, managing, or directing, for prospective 
profit, any sporting, athletic, or other paper or periodical. 
{e) Receiving compensation for services personally ren- 



l8 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

dered as official handicapper, under the direction and au- 
thority of any amateur athletic association. 

(f) Receiving from a club of which he shall be a mem- 
ber, the amount of his expenses necessarily incurred in 
traveling to and from the place of any amateur contest. 

(g) Nothing in this rule shall be construed so as to con- 
si.der a man a professional who has played on a college 
team against a professional. 

RULE III. 

FOUR- YEAR LIMIT. 

A person shall be allowed to compete in four Champion- 
ship Meets, and no more. 

RULE IV. 

RESIDENCE. 

No person shall be allowed to compete at the Champion- 
ship Games as the representative of different members of 
the Association in immediately successive years unless he 
shall have taken a Bachelor's degree in the meantime. 
(For example, an undergraduate who has competed as the 
representative of a certain member of the Association at 
the Championship Games of 1898 shall not be permitted 
to appear as the representative of any other member of 
the Association before the games of 1900, and then only if 
he shall not have competed at the Games of 1899 except as 
provided above.) 

RULE V. 

STUDENT QUALIFICATIONS. 

Section i. No person shall be allowed to compete at 
the Championship Games who has not been a student in 
good and regular standing at the college or university he 
represents since the 15th of the preceding January, In 
case a competitor's qualifications as to such regular at- 
tendance are questioned, he shall file with the Secretary- 
Treasurer, as directed in Article II. of the By-Laws, a 
certificate signed by three members of the faculty of the 
college or university he represents, stating that he regu- 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. IQ 

larly performs university work amounting to at least eight 
hours a week, and has done so since the 15th of the pre- 
ceding January ; and such certificate shall be conclusive. 

Sec. 2. No student, graduate or undergraduate shall be 
allowed to compete at the Championship Games as the 
representative of an institution from which he receives 
compensation for regular instruction. 



20 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

RULES OF THE CHAMPIONSHIP GAMES. 

RULE I. 

ORDER OF EVENTS. 

The order of events at the Championship Games shall 
be as follows : 

TRACK EVENTS. 

1. 120 yards hurdle race, trial heats. 

2. 100 yards run, trial heats. 

3. I mile rim. 

4. 440 yards run, trial heats. 

5. I mile bicycle race, trial heats. 

6. 100 yards run, final heat. 

7. 120 yards hurdle race, final heat. 

8. One lap bicycle race, trial heats. 

9. 440 yards run, final heat. 

10. 220 yards run, trial heats. 

11. I mile bicycle race, final heat. 

12. 220 yards hurdle race, trial heats. 

13. 880 yards run. 

14. One lap bicycle race, final heat. 

15. 220 yards run, final heat. 

16. I mile walk. 

17. 220 yards hurdle race, final heat. 

FIELD EVENTS. 

1. Discus throw. 

2. Running high jump. 

3. Putting the i6-lb. shot. 

4. Running broad jump. 

5. Throwing the i6-lb. hammer. 

6. Pole-vault. 

RULE II. 

CHAMPIONSHIP. 

Section i. That member shall be champion which shall 
score a plurality of points at the Championship Games. 

Sec. 2. Points shall be counted as follows: The first 
place in each event shall count five points, the second place 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 21 

in each event shall count three points, the third place in 
each event shall count one point. In case of a tie in any 
place the points shall be divided. 

Sec. 3. In the case of two or more members scoring an 
equal number of points, then if one of these members shall 
have been champion for the previous year, that member 
shall continue to hold the championship for the ensuing 
year. 

Sec. 4. But in case the champion of the previous year be 
not of those members described in Sec. 3 of this Rule, and 
that two or more members shall score an equal number of 
points, then for tlie ensuing year the championship shall 
be held in abeyance. 



22 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

ATHLETIC RULES. 

RULE L 

OFFICIALS. 

Section i. All meetings must be under the direction of: 

The Graduate Executive Committee, 

One Referee, 

Two or more Inspectors, 

Three or more Field Judges, 

Three Judges at finish. 

Three or more Timekeepers, 

One Judge of Walking, 

One Starter, 

One Clerk of the Course, 

One Scorer, 

One Marshal. 
Sec. 2, If deemed necessary, assistants may be provided 
for the Judge of Walking, the Clerk of the Course, the 
Scorer and the Marshal, and an Official Announcer may 
be appointed. 

RULE II. 

THE GRADUATE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

in all meetings must be constituted, have the jurisdiction 
and perform the duties as prescribed in the Constitution 
and By-Laws of the Association. 

This Committee shall have jurisdiction of all matters 
not assigned by these rules to the Referee or other games 
officials. 

RULE III. 

THE REFEREE 

must decide all questions relating to the actual conduct of 
the meeting, whose final settlement is not otherwise cov- 
ered by these rules. 

He alone must have the power to change the order of 
events as laid down in the official programme, and to add 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 23 

to or to alter the announced arrangement of heats in any 
event. A Referee has no authority, after heats have been 
drawn and published in a programme, to transfer a con- 
testant from one heat to another. 

When in any but the final heat of a race a claim of foul 
or interference is made, he shall have the poorer to dis- 
qualify the competitor who was at fault, if he considers the 
foul intentional, and shall also have the power to allow 
the hindered competitor to start in the next round of heats, 
just as if he had been placed in his trial. 

When in a final heat a claim of foul or interference is 
made he shall have the power to disqualify the competitor 
who was at fault, if he considers the foul intentional, or 
due to his carelessness or conduct, and he shall also have 
the power to order a new race between such of the com- 
petitors as he thinks entitled to such a privilege. 

If, during any athletic contest under the rules of the 
W. I. A. A. A. a competitor shall conduct himself in a 
manner unbecoming a gentleman or offensive to the offi- 
cials, spectators or competitors, the Referee shall have the 
power to disqualify him from further competition at the 
meeting ; and if he thinks the offence worthy of additional 
punishment, nmst promptly make a detailed statement of 
the facts to the Graduate Executive Committee of the As- 
sociation. 

RULE IV. 

THE INSPECTORS. 

It shall be the duty of an Inspector to stand at such 
point as the Referee may designate ; to watch the competi- 
tion closely, and in case of a claim of foul to report to the 
Referee what he saw of the incident. 

Such Inspectors are merely assistants to the Referee, to 

whom they must report, and have no power to make any 

decision. 

RULE V. 

THE JUDGES AT FINISH 

must determine the order of finishing of contestants, and 



24 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

must arrange among themselves as to noting the winner, 
second, third, fourth, etc., as the case may require, and 
there must always be two judges whose duty must be to 
choose the winner. 

Their decision in this respect must be without appeal, 
and in case of disagreement a majority must govern. 

RULE VI. 

THE FIELD JUDGES 

must make an accurate measurement and keep a tally of 
all trials of competitors in the high and broad jumps, the 
pole-vaults, and the weight competitions. 

They must act as judges in these events, and their de- 
cisions must likewise be without appeal. In case of disa- 
greement a majority must govern. There must be at least 
three judges for every event. 

RULE VII. 

THE TIMEKEEPERS 

must be three in number and must individually time all 
events where time record is called for. At the conclusion 
of each heat each timekeeper must present his watch to 
the Referee for inspection, and he must decide the official 
time. Should two of three watches mark the same time 
and the third disagree, the time marked by said two 
watches must be accepted. Should all three disagree, the 
time marked by the intermediate watch must be accepted. 

The Flash of the pistol must denote the actual time of 
starting. 

If, for any reason, only two watches are held on an 
event, and they fail to agree, the longer time of the two 
must be accepted. 

Note. — For record, however, three watches must be held 
on an event. 

RULE VIII. 

THE STARTER 

must have sole jurisdiction over the competitors after the 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 25 

clerk of the course has properly placed them in their po- 
sitions for the start. 

The method of starting must be by pistol report, except 

that in time handicap races the word "go" must be used. 

An actual start must not be effected until the pistol has 

been purposely discharged after the competitors have been 

warned to get ready. 

In case the pistol was not purposely discharged the com- 
petitors shall be called back by the starter by pistol fire. 
(Note.— The starter must have at least tzvo good car- 
tridges in his pistol before starting a heat.) 

When any part of the person of a competitor touches 
the ground in front of his mark before the starting signal 
is given, it must be considered a false start. 

Penalties for false starting must be intlictod by the 
Starter, as follows : 

In all races up to and including 125 yards the competitor 
must be put back one yard for the first and another yard 
for the second attempt; in races over 125 yards and in- 
cluding 300 yards, two yards for the first and two more 
for the second attempt; in races over 300 yards and in- 
cluding 600 yards, three yards for the first and three more 
for the second attempt; in races over 6oo yards and in- 
cluding 1,000 yards, four yards for the first and four more 
for the second attempt; in races over 1,000 yards and in- 
cluding one mile, five yards for the first and five more for 
the second attempt; in all races over one mile, ten yards 
for the first and ten more for the second attempt. 

In all cases the third false start must prevent his com- 
peting in that event. 

The Starter must rule out of that event any competitor 
who attempts to advance himself from his mark, as pre- 
scribed in the official programme, after he has given the 
warning to "get ready." 

RULE IX. 

THE CLERK OF THE COURSE 

must be provided with the names and the numbers of all 



26 VV. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

entered competitors, and he must notify them to appear 
at the starting Hne before the start in each event in which 
they are entered. 

RULE X. 

THE JUDGE OF WALKING 

must have sole power to determine the fairness or un- 
fairness of walking, and his rulings thereon must be final 
and without appeal. 

He must caution any competitor whenever walking un- 
fairly ; the third caution to disqualify, except that he must 
immediately disqualify any competitor when walking un- 
fairly during the last 220 yards of a race. 

He must control his assistants, and assign to them such 
of his duties as he may deem proper. 

RULE XL 

THE SCORER 

must record the order in which each competitor finishes 
his event, together with the time furnished by the Referee. 

He must keep a tally of the laps made by each competi- 
tor in races covering more than one lap, and must an- 
nounce by means of a bell or otherwise when the leading 
man enters the last lap. 

He must draw up a list of the actual competitors in each 
event, which shall be filed with the papers of the Associ- 
ation, and shall be the official record of competing entrants, 
and shall be final evidence in the enforcement of Rule HI. 
of the Rules of Eligibility. 

He must control his assistants, and assign to them such 
of his duties as he may deem proper. 

RULE XH. 

THE MARSHAL 

must have full police charge of the enclosure, and must 
prevent any but officials and actual competitors from en- 
tering or remaining therein. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 27 

He must control his assistants, and assign to them their 
duties. 

RULE XIII. 

THE OFFICIAL ANNOUNCER 

must receive from the Scorer and Field Judges the result 
of each event, and announce the same by voice, or by 
means of a bulletin board. 

RULE XIV. 

COMPETITORS 

must report to the Clerk of the Course immediately upon 
their arrival at the place of meeting, and must be provided 
by that official with their proper numbers, which must be 
worn conspicuously by the competitors when competing, 
and without which they must not be allowed to start. 

Each competitor must inform himself of the time of 
starting, and must be promptly at the starting point of 
each competition in which he is entered, and there report 
to the Clerk of the Course. 

Under no condition shall any attendants be allowed to 
accompany competitors at the start or during any compe- 
tition. 

RULE XV. 

TRACK MEASUREMENT. 

All distances run or walked must be measured upon a 
line eighteen inches outward from the inner edge of the 
track, except that in races on straightaway tracks the dis- 
tance must be measured in a direct line from the starting 
mark to the finishing line. 

RULE XVI. 

THE COURSE. 

Each competitor must keep in his respective position 
from start to finish in all races on straightaway tracks, and 
in all races on tracks with one or more turns he must not 
cross to the inner edge of the track, except when he is at 
least six feet in advance of his nearest competitor. After 
turning the last corner into the straight in any race, each 



28 \V. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

competitor must rim a straight course to the finish line, 
and must not cross to either the outside or inside from 
such straight course. 

In all championship races of the W. I. A. A. A. up to 
and including 220 yards, each competitor must have a 
separate course marked out and measured, whether races 
are run straightaway or with turns. 

The Referee must disqualify from that event any com- 
petitor who wilfully pushes against, impedes, crosses the 
course of, or in any way interferes with another com- 
petitor. 

The Referee must disqualify from further participation 
in the games any contestant competing to lose, to coach, 
or to in any way impede the chances of another competitor 
either in a trial or final contest. 

RULE XVII. 

THE FINISH 

of the course must be represented by a line between two 
finishing posts, drawn across and at right angles to the 
sides of the track, and three feet above which line must 
be placed a tape attached at either end to the finishing 
posts. A finish must be counted when any part of the 
winner's body, except his hands or arms, touches the tape 
at the finish line. The tape must be considered the finish- 
ing line for the winner, but their order of finishing across 
the track line must determine the positions of the other 
competitors. 

RULE xvin. 

HURDLES. 

In the 120 yards hurdle race ten hurdles must be used, 
each hurdle to be three feet six inches high. They must 
be placed ten yards apart, with the first hurdle fifteen 
yards distant from the starting point, and the last hurdle 
fifteen yards before the finishing line. 

In the 220 yards hurdle race ten hurdles must be used, 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 



20 



each hurdle to be two feet six inches high. They must be 
placed twenty yards apart, with the first hurdle twenty 
yards distant from the starting mark, and the last hurdle 
twenty yards before the finishing line. 

In making a record it must be necessary for the com- 
petitor to jump every hurdle in its proper position. 

In all championship hurdle races of the W. I. A. A. A., 
up to and including 220 yards, each competitor must have 
a separate course and hurdles marked out and measured, 
whether races are run straightaway or with turns. 

RULE XIX. 

JUMPING. 

Sfxtio.v I. A fair jump must be one that is made with- 
out the assistance of weights, diving, somersaults, or hand- 
springs of any kind. 

In scratch events competitors must jump in order as 
placed on the programme. 

Sec 2 The Running High Jump. The Field Judges 
must decide the height at which the jump shall commence, 
and must regulate the succeeding elevations. 

Each competitor must be allowed three trial jumps at 
each height, and if on the third trial he shall fail he must 
be declared out of the competition. 

Competitors must jump in order, as provided in Section 
I then those failing, if any, must have their second trial 
jmnp in a like order, after which those having faded twice 
nmst make their third trial jump. 

The jump must be made over a bar resting on pins 
projecting not more than three inches from the uprights, 
and when this bar is removed from its place by the com- 
petitor then trying it must be counted as a trial jump. 

Running under the bar in making an attempt to jump 
must be counted as a "balk." and three successive "balks" 
must be counted as a trial jump. 



30 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

The distance of the run before the jump must be un- 
limited. A competitor may decline to jump at any height 
in his turn, and by so doing forfeits his right to again 
jump at the height declined. 

Sec. 4. The Running Broad Jump. When jumped on 
earth a joist five inches wide must be sunk flush with it. 
The outer edge of this joist must be called the scratch 
line, and the measurement of all jumps must be made from 
it at right angles to the nearest break in the ground made 
by any part of the person of the competitor. 

In front of the scratch line the ground must be re- 
moved to the depth of three and the width of twelve 
inches outward. 

A foul jump must be one where the competitor, in jump- 
ing off the scratch line, makes a mark on the ground im- 
mediately in front of it, or runs over the line without 
jumping, and must count as a trial jump without result. 

Each competitor must have three trial jumps, and the 
best three must each have three more trial jumps. 

The competition must be decided by the best of all the 
trial jumps of the competitors. 

The distance of the run before the scratch line must be 
unlimited. 

Sec. 5. The Pole Vault. Poles must be furnished by 
the club giving the games, but contestants may use their 
private poles if they so desire, and no contestant shall be 
allowed to use any of these private poles except by the 
consent of their owners. The poles must be unlimited as 
to size and weight, but must have no assisting devices, ex- 
cept that they may be wrapped or covered with any sub- 
stance (to obtain a firmer grasp), and must have but one 
prong at the end. 

No competitor shall, during his vault, raise the hand 
which was uppermost when he left the ground to a higher 
point of the pole, nor shall he raise the hand which was 
undermost when he left the ground to any point on the 
pole above the other hand. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 3^ 

The rules governing the Running High Jump must also 
govern the Pole Vault for height, except that when the 
man leaves the ground in an attempt, it shall be counted a 
trial. 

RULE XX. 

PUTTING THE SHOT. __ 

The shot must be a solid sphere made of metal, and must 
weigh i6 lbs. 

It must be put with one hand, and in making the attempt 
it must be above and not behind the shoulder. 

The competitor must stand in a circle seven fe^t in diam- 
eter. The circumference of this circle must be divided 
into two halves by a line drawn through it. On four feet 
of the front half of the circumference a board four inches 
high must be placed, the ends of which must be equally 
distant from the intersection of this line with the circum- 
ference, and at which the competitor may stand when the 
shot leaves his hand. 

A fair put shall be one where no part of the person of 
the competitor touches in front of the circle, or on the 
board, in making the attempt. 

A put must be counted as foul if the competitor steps 
over the front half of the circle or on the board. A com- 
petitor must leave the circle by the rear half. Leaving by 
the front half must be declared a foul put. 

The measurement of all puts must be made from the 
nearest mark made by the shot to a point on the circum- 
ference of the circle, on a line with the object mark and 
the centre of the circle. 

Foul puts and letting go the shot in making an attempt 
must be counted as trial puts without result. 

A board similar to the one in front may be used at the 
back of the circle. 

The order of competing and number of trials shall be 
the same as for the Running Broad Jump. Shots must 
be furnished by the Graduate Executive Committee. Any 



32 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

contestant may use his private shot, if correct in weight 
and shape; in which case the other contestants must also 
be allowed to use it if they wish. 

RULE XXL 

THROWING THE HAMMER. 

The head and handle may be of any size, shape and ma- 
terial, provided that the length of the complete implement 
must not be more than four feet and its weight not less 
than i6 lbs. 

All throws shall be made from a circle seven feet in 
diameter, and this circle shall be considered as divided 
into two halves by a line drawn through its centre at right 
angles to the direction of the throzc. 

A fair throw must be one where no part of the person 
of the competitor shall touch outside or on the circle in 
making the attempt. 

Foul throws and letting go of the hammer in an attempt 
must count as trial throws. 

The measurement of all throws must be made from the 
nearest mark made by the head of the hammer to a point 
on the circumference of the circle, on a line with the ob- 
ject mark and the centre of the circle. 

The order of competing and number of trials must be 
the same as for the Running Broad Jump. Hammers 
must be furnished by the Graduate Executive Committee. 
Any contestant may use his private hammer, if correct in 
weight and length, and no contestant shall be allowed to 
use these private hammers except by consent of the owner. 

RULE XXIL 

THROWING THE DISCUS. 

The discus shall be made of smooth, hard wood body. 
zvithout finger-holes, weighted in centre with lead discs 
and capped with polished brass discs, with steel ring on 
the outside. The weight of the discus shall be four and 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 33 

one-half (4^) pounds; outside diameter, eight (8) inches; 
thickness in centre, two (2) inches. 

All throws shall be made from a seven (7) foot circle, 
with four-foot step-board, and similar in all respects to 
the circle for putting the shot. In making his throws a 
competitor may assume any position he chooses. Foul 
throws and letting go the discus in attempts shall count 
as trials without result. A fair throw shall be one in 
which no part of the person of the competitor touches the 
ground outside the front half of the circle, and the com- 
petitor leaves the circle by its rear half. A throw shall be 
foul if any part of the person touches the ground outside 
the front half of the circle before the throw is measured. 

A discus shall be furnished by the Graduate Executive 
Committee. Any contestant may use his private discus, if 
correct in weight and shape, in which case the other con- 
testants must also be allowed to use it if they wish. 

The measurement of each throw shall be made from the 
nearest mark made by the fall of the discus to the circum- 
ference of the circle on a line from the mark made by the 
discus to the centre of the circle. 

RULE XXIII. 

BICYCLING. 

The drawing for position in each event shall be done 
by the Graduate Executive Committee, and the positions 
of the men shall appear on the programme. When two or 
more riders make a dead heat of any final or a dead heat 
for second or third place, they may decide by lot who shall 
take the place, or may again ride the distance, at the dis- 
cretion of the referee. 

All starts shall be from the inside of the track and from 
a stand-still, with the left hand toward the curb, and the 
machines shall be held in position by an attendant (the 
front wheel touching the starting line) until the signal is 
given by the starter. Attendants, when pushing off com- 



34 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

petitors, must keep behind the mark from which the com- 
petitors actually start. Should any part of the attendant 
touch the track in front of the mark, the competitor may 
be disqualified. 

The finish of all races shall be judged by the first part 
oi the front wheel which touches the tape fastened flat on 
the ground at the winning post. 

Riders shall pass on the outside (unless the man passed 
be dismounted), and must be at least a clear length of the 
cycle in front before taking the inside; but on entering 
the homestretch in the last lap of a race, the foremost rider 
or riders must keep to that part of the track first selected, 
or be liable to disqualification; and the hindmost rider or 
riders, when there is sufficient room to pass on the inside 
or anywhere on the homestretch without interfering with 
others, shall be allowed to do so, and any rider interfer- 
ing to prevent him or them from so passing, shall be dis- 
qualified. If a ri^er, in attempting to pass another orl the 
homestretch, should at any time cross or swerve so as to 
impede the progress of another rider, he shall be disquali- 
fied. A rider shall not change from the inner to the out- 
side of the track during any part of a race when another 
rider is so near that in altering his position he interferes 
with or impedes the progress of the rider. No rider shall 
touch another. In any race wherein there shall be a vio- 
lation of these restrictions, the ofifending rider shall be 
disquaHfied and debarred from any place or prize. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 35 

RECORDS OF MEETS OF 1895. 1896, 1897. 

loo YARDS RUN. 
James H. Maybury, Wisconsin 9 4-5S. 

220 YARDS RUN. 
James H. Maybury, Wisconsin 21 2-53. 

440 YARDS RUN. 
W. E. Hodgman, Michigan 50 3-5s. 

880 YARDS RUN. 
L. R. Palmer, Grinnell im. 59 4-5S. 

ONE MILE RUN. 
H. B. Cragin, Lake Forest 4m. 33s. 

ONE MILE WALK. 
F. S. Bunnell, Minnesota 7m. 26s. 

120 YARDS HURDLES. 
John R. Richards, Wisconsin 15 4-5S. 

220 YARDS HURDLES. 
Alvan Kraenzlein, Wisconsin 25 3-53. 

ONE MILE BICYCLE. 
P. H. Burton, Minnesota ....2m. 25s. 

RUNNING HIGH JUMP. 

A. C. Clark, Illinois 5 ft. 9 in. 

Alvan Kraenzlein, Wisconsin 5 ft. 9 in. 

RUNNING BROAD JUMP. 
James A. Leroy, Michigan 22 ft. 7>^ in, 

PUTTING 16-POUND SHOT. 
H. T. Cochems, Wisconsin 40 ft. 11^ in. 

16-POUND HAMMER THROW. 
R. W. Edgren, California 123 ft. 9H in. 

POLE VAULT. 
A. H. Culver, Northwestern 11 ft. 



36 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

DETAILED RECORDS. 

MEET, JUNE I, 1895. 

100 yards — i. J. V. Crum, University of Iowa, time, los. ; 2. D. A,r 

Stewart, St. Albans; 3. J. V. Scoggins, California. 
220 yards — i. J. V. Crum, University of Iowa, time, 22s. ; 2. J. H. 

Maybury, Wisconsin; 3. Bullard, Illinois. 
440 yards— I. W. E. Hodgman, Michigan, time, 50 3-5S. ; 2. R. L. 

Whitney, Grinnell; 3. T. L. Barnes, California. 
880 yards— I. L. R. Palmer, Grinnell, time, im. 59 4-5S. ; 2. F. W. 

Koch, California; 3. B. D. Horton, Michigan. 
I mile Run— I. J. P. Clyde, Grinnell, time, 4m. 36 2-5S. ; 2. L. R. 

Palmer, Grinnell; 3. H. B. Cragin, Jr., Lake Forest. 
I mile Walk— I. L. Merwin, California, time, 7m. 31 2-55. ; 2. F. John- 
son, Chicago; 3. F. Gundlach, Northwestern. 
I mile Bicycle — i. C. V. Bachelle, Chicago, time, 2m. 46s. ; 2. Hall, 

Illinois; 3. W. B. Moore, Northwestern. 
120 yard Hurdles— i. E. I. Dyer, California, time, 16 3-5S. ; 2. J. R. 

Richards, Wisconsin; 3. H. B. Torrey, California. 
220 yard Hurdles — i. H. B. Torrey, California, time, 2y 1-5S. ; 2. E. I. 

Dyer, California; 3. J. R. Richards, Wisconsin. 
Pole Vault— I. A. H. Culver, Northwestern; 2. >C. B. Herschberger, 

Chicago, 10 ft. 6 in. ; 3. J. A. Jackson, Lake Forest, 10 ft. 6 in. 
High Jump— I. A. C. Clark, Illinois, 5 ft. 9 in.; 2. F. W. Koch, Cali- 
fornia, 5 ft. 8 in.; 3. A. R. Washington, Center, 5 ft. 7 in. 
Broad Jump— i. -C. N. Woolsey, California, 21 ft. 9 in.; 2. A Lees, 

Wisconsin, 20 ft. 2^ in. ; 3. 
Throwing Hammer— i. R. W. Edgren, California, 123 ft. g]^ in. ; 2. 

L. H. Fonts, Illinois, no ft. 9 in.; 3*. 
Putting Shot— I. *H. F. Cochems, Wisconsin, 38 ft. 10% in. ; 2. D. 

Sweeney, Illinois, 38 ft. i in. ; 3. 

^Herschberger and Jackson tied at 10 ft. 6 in., Herschberger win- 
ning on toss-up. 

^J. A. Leroy, Michigan, won first place with a jump of 22 ft. 7 in., 
but was disqualified for professionalism. He was afterward rein- 
stated, and this jump accepted as record. 

^F. M. Hall, Michigan, won third place with a throw of loi ft. 
6^ in., but was disqualified for professionalism. 

*F. M. Hall, Michigan, won first place with a put of 44 ft. % in., 
but was disqualified for professionalism. 

JUNE 6, 1896. 
100 yards— I. J. H. Maybury, Wisconsin, time, los. ; 2. J. H. Rush, 
Grinnell; 3. A. B. Potter, Northwestern. 



VV. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 37 

220 yards — i. J. H. Maybury, Wisconsin, time, 22 2-53. ; 2. J. H. 

Rush, Grinnell; 3. A. B. Potter, Northwestern. 
440 yards— I. J. H. Rush, Grinnell, time, 50 4-55. ; 2. G. F. Downer, 

Wisconsin; 3. D. H. Jackson, Lake Forest. 
880 yards— I. H. B. Cragin, Jr., Lake Forest, time, 2m. 5 2-5S. ; 2. 

J. L. Fellows, Grinnell; 3. F. H. Calhoun, Chicago. 
I mile — I. H. B. Cragin, Jr., Lake Forest, time, 4m. 33s.; 2. L. R. 

Palmer, Grinnell ; 3. J. L. Fellows, GrinnelL 
I mile Walk— I. F. Bunnell, Minnesota, time, 7m, 31 1-5S. ; 2. E. T. 

Gundlach, Chicago; 3. F. B. Peterson, Chicago. 
I mile Bicycle — i. P. H. Burton, Minnesota, time, 2m. 37 2-53. ; 2. 

E. W. Peabody, Chicago; 3. F. E. Spaulding, Grinnell. 
120 yard Hurdles— i. J. R. Richards, Wisconsin, time, 16 2-53.; 2. J. 

J. Jackson, Lake Forest; 3. R. F. Schuchardt, Wisconsin. 
220 yard Hurdles — i. J. R. Richards, Wisconsin, time, 27 3^53. ; 2. C. 

W. Clark, Grinnell; 3. R. F. Schuchardt, Wisconsin. 
Pole Vault— I. R. E. Wilson, Northwestern, 10 ft. 6 in.; 2. C. B. 

Ilerschberger, Chicago, 10 ft. 3 in.; 3. H. Coflfeen, Illinois, 9 ft. 

9 in. 
High Jump— I. J. n. Liegler, Wisconsin, 5 ft. 7 in.; 2. M. Mason, 

Wisconsin, 5 ft. 6 in.; 3. W. Frame, Wisconsin, 5 ft. 5 in. 
Broad Jump— i. Carr B. Neel, Chicago, 20 ft. 9 in.; 2. E. R. Perry, 

Northwestern, 20 ft. 8J/2 in.; 3. H. Frame, Wisconsin, 20 ft. i^ 

in. 
Throwing Hammer — i. H. F. Cochems, Wisconsin, 113 ft. 3 in.; 2. F. 

W. Van Oven, Illinois, in ft.; 3. T. W. Lee, Lake Forest, 103 

ft. 5 K2 in. 
Putting Shot— I. H. F. Cochems, Wisconsin, 38 ft. 9^ in.; 2. G. A. 

E. Finlayson, Minnesota, 37 ft. 7 in.; 3. E. V. Williamson, Chi- 
cago, 35 ft. 7 in. 

JUNE 5, 1897. 
100 yards— I. J. H. Maybury, Wisconsin, time, 9 4-53.; 2. C. L. Bur 

roughs, Chicago; 3. A. B. Potter, Northwestern. 
220 yards— I. J. H. Maybury, Wisconsin, time, 21 2-5S. ; 2. C. L. Bur 

roughs, Chicago; 3. C. T. Stevenson, Minnesota. 
440 yards— I. W. F. Jackson, Lake Forest, time, 51 i-5s. ; 2. E. T 

Fox, Wisconsin; 3. R. W. Mills, Illinois. 
880 .yards— I. W. D. Brennan, Minnesota, time, 2m. 6 2-53. ; 2. G. L 

White, Chicago; 3. J. L. Fellows, Grinnell. 
I mile Run— I. E. Copeland, Wisconsin, time, 4m. 38 2-53.; 2. J. B 

Wood, Michigan; 3. J. L. Fellows, Grinnell. 
1 mile Walk — i. F. S. Bunnell, Minnesota, time, 7m. 26s. ; 2. J. K 

Hoagland, Illinois; 3. C. S. Tryon, Michigan. 
I mile Bicycle— I. B. E. Bush, Michigan, time, 2m. 36 1-5S. ; 2. H 

Taylor, Wisconsin; 3. L. Turner, Michigan. 



38 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

120 yard Hurdles — i. J. R. Richards, Wisconsin, time, 15 4-5S. ; 2. J. 
F. McLean, Michigan; 3. W. R. Armstrong, Grinnell. 

220 yard Hurdles — i. A. Kraenzlein, Wisconsin, time, 25 3-5S. ; 2. C. 
Chubb, Michigan; 3. J. R. Richards, Wisconsin. 

Pole Vault— I. C. S. Dole, Leland Stanford, Jr., 10 ft. 6^ in.; 2. C. 
B. Herschberger, Chicago, 10 ft. sl^ in.; 3. H. C. Coflfeen, Illi- 
nois, 10 ft. 

High Jump — I. A. Kraenzlein, Wisconsin, 5 ft. 9 in. ; 2. P. H. Ver- 
nor, Michigan, s ft. 8 in. ; 3. E. Waller, Wisconsin, 5 ft. 7 in. 

Broad Jump— i. C. S. Dole, Leland Stanford, Jr., 21 ft. 3^/^ in. ; 2. 
E. C. Gaines, Minnesota, 20 ft. 11 in.; 3. C. Brewer, Wisconsin, 
20 ft. 10 in. 

Throwing Hammer— i. F. W. Von Oven, Illinois, 122 ft. ^ in. ; 2. 
H. F. Cochems, Wisconsin, 113 ft. j% in.; 3. C. D. Enochs, Illi- 
nois, III ft. 8 in. 

Putting Shot— I. H. F. Cochems, Wisconsin, 40 ft. iij4 in.; 2. B. F. 
Roller, De Pauw, 38 ft. 3^ in.; 3. C. S. Dole, Leland Stanford, 
Jr., 36 ft. iiH in- 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 39 

ARTICLES OF ALLIANCE WITH A. A. U. 

I. At all meetings of the Amateur Athletic Union the 
Western Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic Association 
shall be entitled to representation by not more than four 
delegates, or duly elected alternates of such delegates, 
having, collectively, one vote. 

II. From among these delegates one shall be chosen to 
become a member of the Board of Governors of the Ama- 
teur Athletic Union, who shall have voice, vote and privi- 
lege equal to the other members of said Board upon all 
matters coming before it. 

III. All games open only to members of the Western 
Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic Association shall be 
held under Western Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic As- 
sociation rules; but games open to all amateurs shall be 
held under rules of the Amateur Athletic Union. 

IV. Each party to this Alliance shall respect and en- 
force all penalties of suspension and disqualification inflict- 
ed by the other party. 

V. These Articles of Alliance may be terminated by 
either party upon thirty days' notice to the other. 




a 



3obn ID. Crum, 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 4^ 



It has seemed wholly fitting that upon the occasion of 
printing this official publication of the W. I. A. A. A. the 
Association should pay a tribute to the memory of one of 
its best known representatives, one to whose life's record 
the Association will alwaysgladly look as exemplifying the 
highest type" of Western college athlete. 

Dr. Pickard, of Iowa City, who knew John Van Fleet 
Crum from his earliest boyhood, has kindly furnished the 
material for the appended sketch of his life and influence. 
The death of Crum, in May, 1897, was deeply felt 
throughout the athletic world. It will be a pleasure for 
college men to find in these words of tribute of the vener- 
able Dr. Pickard evidence of the same generous, modest 
and manly character whose beneficent influence was felt 
by every man whose good fortune it was to know John 
Crum. 



3obn ID, drum. 



Five years ago the University of Iowa was known to but 
few of the athletic world outside the State. 

Many young men within its halls possessed vigor by in- 
heritance and well-preserved bodily powers by right liv- 
ing. Slight attention had been paid to field sports until 
the building of a gymnasium and an athletic field gave an 
opportunity for systematic physical exercise. 

As the young men became conscious of their own power 



42 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

their ambition was aroused. Loyalty to the University 
moved them to participation with other institutions in 
contests of skill. They needed a leader. He was at hand 
in the person of 



JOHN VAN FLEET CRUM. 

He was in all respects worthy the following which was 
given him. Of medium stature, of form finely developed, 
of modest demeanor, of genial disposition, with a kind 
word for everyone, young Crum held sway over his fel- 
lows in the athletic field. No one could be in his pres- 
ence without feeling a determination to bring his physical 
powers to the highest standard possible of attainment. 

His utter abhorrence of anything bordering upon decep- 
tion or trickery, his manly treatment of opponents in con- 
tests, won for him the esteem of all with whom he came 
in contact. He placed honor above success and won the 
latter in the use of honorable means. He always claimed 
to be an amateur athlete, and put forth every effort in the 
support of pure amateurism in all college sports. His 
student life had for its end a literary career, and athletics 
were subordinated to study. 

His marked success as a sprinter won the attention of 
amateurs in other Western States. From his first eflfort 
at Chicago he bore away the laurels which he wore mod- 
estly and bore loyally under the "Old Gold" of the Univer- 
sity of Iowa. 

Eastern institutions of highest skill now longed to try 
a contest with the "Western Wonder." He gave them the 
opportunity, only to be charged with professionalism. 
This nearly crushed his spirit, as his constant support of 
amateur athletics had never been questioned by those who 
knew him best. He patiently bore the charge until his 
friends rallied to his support and entered the contest. He 



VV. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 43 

felt his partial failure more on account of the University 
than for personal reasons. 

The life of John V. Crum is ended, but his wholesome 
influence lives, and worthy young men are wearing his 
mantle. 



A HANDBOOK 



OF 



TRACK AND FIELD 
SPORTS 



COMPRISING A SERIES OF ARTICLES UPON THE 
SEPARATE EVENTS. ETC., OF THE WEST- 
ERN INTERCOLLEGIATE 
PROGRAMME. 



3^ 



Published by the 

AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING CO. 

16 and 18 Park Place, New York. 



PREFACE. 

Constant inquiries which have come to the Secretary 
of the Western Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic Associ- 
ation have shown the need of some definite source of re- 
liable information concerning the best methods of train- 
ing for the separate events on the official programme of 
the Association. 

It was thought this need might be most effectively met, 
and work in track and field sports stimulated somewhat, 
by the compilation and publication of such a series of 
articles as are herein presented. 

The cheerful readiness with which a request on behalf 
of the interests of Western College sports was met by 
the contributors to this collection of articles, is sure evi- 
dence of the firm hold which the betterment of College 
Athletics has upon the interest of her foremost Western 
exponents. 

Nothing need be said of the personnel of the well-known 
athletes who are the writers of this work. Their names 
and records are familiar throughout the College world. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 5 1 

GENERAL TRAINING. 

BY ED. W. C'dAD") MOULTON. 

It is quite impossible to lay down any hard and fast rules 
to train by, as no two men need exactly the same amount 
of work, nor do we coach them alike, on account of dispo- 
sition, build and ability to learn; but I will try and give a 
few ideas that may benefit those unable to secure a trainer. 

First of all, choose that line of athletics that nature has 
most adapted you for, and one that you have a desire to 
excel in, and that which affords you a pleasure to practice; 
for training should be a pleasure, not a work of labor. 
Then, avoid overwork; rather train too little than too 
much. To be successful in any athletic line one must have 
patience and work up to it by degrees. In this way you 
avoid all dangers of injuries from your work, for when 
one is in good condition it is almost impossible to receive 
any harm from trials or contests; but perfect condition to 
stand a good gruelling. 

Every one who starts training with a view of fitting him- 
self for contests should receive a light shower or sponge 
bath and a thorough hand rubbing immediately after his 
work is done. I do not believe in too many baths — only 
often enough to keep clean — and never very cold water nor 
strong liniments, unless one is lame. Hand massage and 
a little goose oil will serve the best purpose for tired mus- 
cles. For strains and bruises I find hot water the best 
remedy. Flannels dipped in hot water and wrung out 
should be laid on the parts afiflicted, and cover with dry 
towels; repeat as soon as cool till inflammation or pain sub- 
sides; then use your favorite liniment. Electricity proper- 
ly applied to strains or bruises I often find beneficial. 

In regard to diet, most athletes can eat about what they 
want, only use common sense the last few weeks. Before 
a field day or public contest I should say, avoid pastry and 
high seasoned dishes. If a light weight, you can use more 




ED. W. ("DAD") MOULTON. 



W. I. A. A. A, HANDBOOK. 53 

of a variety than one who is fleshy. However, the best re- 
sults are obtained by avoiding mixtures and sticking to a 
plain diet. I should not advise stimulants in any form. 
Coffee but once a day — and rather weak tea and water are 
preferable. Pure milk may be needed at times by those 
who wish to build up. Never eat between meals; eat all 
you wish three times a day. Sleep and eat at regular 
hours — regularity in everything is the secret of athletic 
success. One must sleep, eat and exercise according to 
schedule. I combine the old and new schools. Instead 
of exercising before breakfast, as of old, simply get up at 
7 or 7.30 o'clock, open your windows, draw a few long 
breaths, open the lungs by a few arm movements, dress 
and go to breakfast. Take your work at regular hours — 
die afternoon is preferable. You may miss some social 
pleasures, but I think the reward most always obtained is 
worth the sacrifice. You can go to places of amusement, 
but determine on a time for retiring and retire at that time. 
I do not mean one must retire so very early, but at a regu- 
lar hour — it soon becomes a habit, and one sleeps the 
sounder. Train well or not at all; half training makes 
poor athletes and discourages athletics. Never break a 
training rule. Good habits formed while training often 
stick to us through life. Again, let me caution the ambi- 
tious athlete to commence work gradually. Always warm 
up by degrees. The sprinter should jog at least two weeks 
before going on the mark to practice starting, and then 
never go to the mark without a warm-up. Always practice 
starting by the report of a pistol and set firm and steady 
on the mark. The Australian, or crouch start, is prefer- 
able. Place your feet back of the mark, in such a position 
that you can drop the hips lower than the shoulders and 
look about 12 or 15 yards down the track. When the re- 
port comes, the hands are the first to leave the mark, the 
body gradually raising as you go forward. Wefers and 
Maybury have very much the same position on the mark. 



54 W. I. A. A, A. HANDBOOK, 

The sprinter requires the finest training of all and is 
most liable to change in his trials — or go stale quick. Care 
should be used not to overwork. From four to seven 
shots from the mark per day, with a 20-yard spin each 
time and rest between and one trial per week is quite 
enough. Long-distance men jog much more, but should 
now and then have a bit of fast work, so that in a driving 
finish or brush on the backstretch they won't pump out 
so quick. Jumpers and hurdlers should never go their 
limit oftener than twice a week. Space will not allow an 
attempt to teach form here, but I am not so sure form 
always wins — it did not in low hurdles with Kraenzlein, 
and I am convinced he is as good at high hurdles as the 
low. No two men carry the same form exactly. I would 
say, practice form all you can. There is some excuse for 
you if you do not get it perfect or to suit all, but no excuse 
for not being in condition, and I prefer condition first of 
all. Shot putters and hammer throwers must be careful 
of overwork. The muscles of arms and shoulders should 
be warm and well rubbed before practice, and as soon as 
they find themselves a little oflf or erratic in their work 
should not try just once more to come up to their record, 
but quit for that day. The same remarks apply to pole 
vaulters. Never try very many vaults at one time. It's 
much harder work than it seems. The walkers need a lot 
of hard work and building up, as it is one of the hardest 
and most punishing events there is. The stomach especi- 
ally must be well looked after for this event. 

Cyclists as a rule ride too much. No one training for 
races or speed should ride on the road during training 
season after the first weeks of hardening up. All suc- 
cessful circuit riders ride on the streets or roads. A cy- 
clist needs more of a massage rub-out than any other ath- 
lete. All his muscles must be kept soft and pliant; the 
trainer must knead them immediately after each mount. 
A quick, hot hip bath and goose oil will assist and often 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 55 

work wonders. Work should be done twice a day; from 
three to four miles in the forenoon and four to five miles 
in the afternoon, for at least two weeks— three or four 
weeks is better. Then commence short sprints, always 
with the wind; increase the distance of sprinting by de- 
grees; don't be in a hurry to find out how far you can 
carry your sprints. When you find you can sprint 300 
yards and jump a bit near finish, then you are fit to give 
a good account of yourself. Headwork counts in races. 
If more than one is training together, change your pace, 
and after being in fair condition have two or there races a 
week among yourselves. Fight it out, the same as in 
a contest in all athletic work. Will power, gameness, 
self-denial, manly principles and temperance are the keys 
to success. 




H. A. CORNISH. 



'.V. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 57 

THE MANAGEMENT OF MEETS. 

BY H. S. CORNISH, 
Director of Athletics, Knickerbocker A. C, New York. 

In writing of the "management of an athletic meeting," 
I will take the one given by the Western Intercollegiate A. 
A. A. as an example. 

At least ten weeks before the date of the meeting the 
events and their order should be determined by the Com- 
mittee, or proper Board, the list of officials made out, the 
place of holding the meeting determined, the nature and 
cost of prizes settled upon, in fact, all preliminary details. 
At that time also, the sole management of the meeting 
from that moment should be given into the hands of one 
man, be he good or bad at the work. The next day after 
his appointment that man should see that some form of 
entry blank (if necessary), or some announcement of the 
meeting containing all preliminary information, is sent to 
every college which is liable to send entries or to be inter- 
ested, or which is eligible or might be eligible to compete. 
He should send out invitations to the officials. In addi- 
tion, obtain a list of all the newspapers within three hun- 
dred miles of Chicago (and this can be had from any large 
house making a business of placing advertising), and send 
one of these preliminary announcements to each paper. 
The intermediate newspaper work is something which the 
natural course of events will straighten out, but this afore- 
said manager should make it an absolute certainty that 
he favor no one paper, but have regular times for giving 
out his news, and give to all alike. 

At least three weeks before the date of the meeting ar- 
range definitely, and for good, with sufficient men to put 
the track and field in shape, and have them report on Mon- 
day morning of the week of the games, or earlier if neces- 
sary. Have these men remain at work all the week, in- 
cluding the day of the games. Four weeks before date of 
games have tickets printed and place them on sale at 



58 W. I. A. A, A. HANDBOOK. 

prominent places, arranging to have them ''settled for" on 
the morning of the games; engage a special man to do this 
before twelve o'clock, and have him at the grounds ready 
to sell the tickets there in the afternoon. Engage ticket 
takers at least two weeks before date of games. The same 
with ushers, if needed. Engage police the same. 

The day after this manager is appointed he should look 
over the list of events and make a list of everything need- 
ed. This list would include: Yarn for finishes, four 
skeins; seven hundred yards of white line marking lanes 
for sprints; forty iron stakes, each eighteen inches long 
and five-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, sharpened at 
one end and with an eye at the other, for roping sprints; 
a separate set of finish posts, each four feet high, with a 
nail in the top, for each finish line (sometimes the finishes 
are different places); two separate sets of standards, one 
for pole, one for high jump; thirty of forty hurdles, which- 
ever the track is large enough for; twelve crossbars, each 
three-quarters of an inch square and ten feet long, for pole 
and high jump; at least two poles, a shot and hammer, ab- 
solutely correct in weight and of latest design; a measur- 
ing rod for jump and pole; two chairs at pole standards 
for measurers to stand on when bar is high; two chairs on 
each side of finish line for officials to stand on, so all can 
see; two pieces of joist, each six feet long and five inches 
square, for running broad; a "steel" tape for measuring; an 
iron circle sunk in the ground for hammer; another circle 
whitewashed on ground, with toe board, for shot; numbers 
and pins for same, for contestants. If a programme with 
advertising is used, make some arrangement, the day after 
being appointed, if possible, or right away, anyhow. 

Arrange to have whitewashed on morning of games for 
following: After the iron rods have been put down in 
their proper places for the sprints, daub the track at the 
bottom of each, so that, when it is taken up, the correct 
place to put it back is easily found (between the start of 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 59 

the hundred and the next rod back of it m the 220, the 
lines should be cut so that they can be tied and used sep- 
arately); a line across track at all starts and finishes; the 
take-off at the broad jump; outside the iron rim sunk in 
ground for hammer; shot circle and toe board; spots at 
side of track where hurdles should come. The manager 
should himself measure all courses with a steel tape, meas- 
uring each lane separately after the pegs are down, meas- 
uring each eighteen inches from its imaginary inside curb. 

I may have missed many things, but if the above out- 
lined work is done at the times stated and under the sole 
supervision of one person, that person will not have so 
much work as he might imagine, provided he attends to it 
in its proper time. It is just as easy to do things right as 
wrong, and whenever any Association begins to do their 
business in a business way, that moment can it hope for 
success and the support of the public. 

It seems as though the above might be a good outline 
for any athletic meeting. I might add that the manager 
should send a personal communication to the captain of 
the track team of any and all colleges which are liable to 
be represented, asking for photographs and short sketches 
of the prominent men on each team. Urge upon them 
the necessity of them. Ask that they be in his hands not 
later than four weeks before date of meeting. These can 
be and will be used by the papers for preliminary stories 
of the games. 

In the list of articles needed are some which cost money, 
require an expenditure, and which are generally neglected 
at games. The measuring rod, iron stakes, yarn, ropes for 
lanes iron circle, toe board, shot and hammer, joist, steel 
tape 'etc., will aggregate less than thirty-five dollars. They 
can be kept from year to year by the secretary of the Asso- 
ciation the same as he keeps his books and records, and 
their presence goes more toward making a successful meet 
than anything else in the whole affair. Don't permit the 
cost (or any other reason) to cause these to be omitted. 




ED. W. MOULTON 



J. H. MAYBURY 



W, I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 6l 

THE 100 AND 220 YARD RUN5. 

BY J. H. MAYBURY. 

The idea seems to be quite prevalent among those inter- 
ested in athletics that fast sprinters are born, not made. 
This is undoubtedly true in large measure, yet for my part 

I believe that conscientious training is the great factor in 
bringing forth a thoroughbred. For but few of our great 
sprinters have sprung forth upon the track and then main- 
tained a high standard of work, even though endowed by 
nature with the gifts of Mercury, unless they had worked 
with themselves, and worked patiently and hard; worked 
mentally, morally and physically; in season and out of sea- 
son; on season mentally and physically, out of season mor- 
ally. Conscientious training takes an average sprinter of ii 
seconds and turns out a lo 1-5 man; while for a man of 
marked ability, it finally places him in the front rank. On 
the other hand, take an 11 second man who does fretful 
training and gets discouraged because he does not become 
a crack-a-jack with three or four weeks' work; or take the 
born athlete who does a minimum of work in preparing 
for his races, and that only in season. In the case of the 

II second man he will never get out of that class, even 
though he keeps his ambition fired to fever heat all the 
time, or has lithographed his ambition with all kinds of 
finishes in which he figured most prominently. Again, in 
the case of the born athlete, he may win public favor, but 
I vouch it will be short lived, only long enough to turn 
his head; for, finding that he has speed, he will imagine 
he belongs to the so-called born athlete class, and all he 
must do to win is to run. He will not hesitate to tell you 
that a few days always puts him in shape. If you watch 
his career you will be surprised to find how soon he 
reaches the end of it; that shortly he lacks in endurance; 
that he is not a sure man and that he is unable to repeat. 
The golden rule of compensation is always at work in the 
career of an athlete and the one who does not observe it 



62 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

will eventually suffer the humiliation of being called a 
"has-been," without a standing among the honored and 
retired athletes. 

To the beginner let me say: Do not get discouraged if 
you do not get to be a champion in your first season. Some 
trifling defect may have hindered your development, which 
under care and work may be consciously worked out, 
and, much to your surprise, you will suddenly "spring a 
yard" or even more. i i 

To attain the best results one must know and understand 
himself. This is true more particularly in sprinting than 
in any other event. That is, he must understand his men- 
tal and physical qualities perfectly, or have someone else 
who is competent to guide him show wherein he is strong 
and where weak. By competent person I mean a trainer 
in whom he can place confidence; one who realizes that 
there is some latitude allowed in preparing for the sprints; 
one who does not believe on fixed, rigid rule, and whose 
ideas are flexible. Again a good trainer is one who never 
outlines the same course of work for two men training 
side by side. For sprinters differ in shape, size and physi- 
cal energy; then, too, we find them differing in their men- 
tal temperament and in their digestive peculiarities. I 
might advise athletes of my size, build and disposition by 
describing how I train, but so few are intimately acquaint- 
ed with me that I fear it would be harmful to them. 

There are some traits and practices that nearly all con- 
scientious sprinters endeavor to develop and follow. It 
is conceded that in racing the mental faculties control the 
physical and a strong will combined with a sturdy deter- 
mination to win is frequently the determining factor. 
Again and again have I in my own case, almost exhausted, 
when I did not feel as though there was an effort left in 
me, been forced on over the line to victory, because I was 
trained not to give up. The athlete must ever be watchful 
of himself, and he will thus learn to gain control of him- 
self. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 63 

Another important consideration is regularity in hab- 
its of living. It is the very key-note of success. Let him 
eat, sleep, study, and exercise with the regularity consist- 
ent with nature. Serious errors are committed in dieting. 
The athlete has, perchance, read an article on training by 
a big, strong, mature athlete, an all-round champion, one 
who naturally avoids potatoes and conforms to a so-called 
"dry diet." For him the diet is proper, but for an athlete 
who is young, small, and not very strong it would result 
in a loss of weight if not sickness. The converse of this 
is equally true. Here again the athlete is referred to him- 
self. It is essential for him to be strong and carry as 
much weight as possible, for in additional weight, up to 
the point where it becomes a burden, every ounce means 
stored-up energy, in a word — strength. The more 
strength he can exert in a race the better will be the result. 
Consequently, he should, as a rule, build up for strength. 
The athlete should learn to throw every bit of his energy 
into his race, should come out of his race with all of his 
forces expended. He does not need to reserve his 
strength as do the men in the long-distance runs. The 
most successful sprinters exhibit no spurt in the dashes; it 
is one continuous exertion; a natural straining of every 
muscle in perfect action. 

Some men are nervous when they come to the scratch, 
especially beginnners. To remedy this the runner should 
keep his mind only upon the starter; should listen for the 
report which is to start him down the track. Remember, 
"a race is never won until it has been run." Keep every- 
thing else out of mind, and when the pistol fires throw 
every particle of force into action. 

A good start is very essential and one should practice 
with the pistol until he can get off readily and with speed, 
for unless a man is sure of his start he is very often de- 
feated by his inferiors. There are many starting positions 
and the question which to adopt is an important one. For 



64 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

my own part I believe in experimenting with the different 
starts, and then after selecting one stick to it until you 
can find a better one. While not a very fast starter my- 
self, I have improved every year and confess that I have 
changed my position in the start four times, and each time 
feeling as though I had improved. One should aim to 
perfect a start which will give him the utmost freedom 
and ease, so that at the crack of the pistol he moves freely 
forward with force and gradually upward, attaining speed 
and form as rapidly as possible. In coaching men to start, 
the skillful trainers gain the best results by merely suggest- 
ing to the athlete the different positions, and after a trial 
of each allowing the athlete to select the one which gives 
the greatest ease and freedom. The following "down 
starts" are used by successful sprinters: 

Draw a straight line across the track, place both hands 
on the mark about i8 inches apart, and one foot on the 
mark and the other in an almost straight line about two 
feet back. If this position seems cramped, change to suit. 
Separate the hands, move the front foot back, and also 
change the other until you can rest on the mark with per- 
fect ease. Raise the head so as to be able to look down the 
track to a point about 30 yards distant. Shift the weight 
of the body until you find a position which seems natural 
to you. Some sprinters divide their weight equally on all 
fours, others rest entirely on the hands and front foot, 
while still others allow the front foot to be almost free 
and throw the weight on the hands and back leg. Try 
the different positions and when you find one that gives 
you ease and steadiness without hindering your speed, 
adopt it. Keep it for a season, and by no means change it 
after you have worked up into racing condition, for it is 
dangerous to "swap horses in mid-stream." 

The carriage of the body often gives the runner much 
annoyance. It is unprofitable to imitate others to any 
considerable degree in the hope of remedying the trouble. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 6$ 

It is far better to improve your natural style, unless your 
form is very bad, for the natural style gives the runner 
greater freedom and ease; while the acquired style has the 
tendency to divert one's attention too much to themselves. 
He must, in a race, be beyond consciousness of the form 
on which he is running. 

Having adopted his start for the season, having settled 
upon the best time to practice, and having determined the 
kind of work and the amount he intends to follow, it is 
then the duty of the runner to settle on his diet, and adhere 
strictly and conscientiously to his schedule if he expects 
to attain a moderate degree of perfection. 

Perhaps it would not be amiss for me to describe in 
general terms the way in which Ed. W. Moulton under- 
takes the performance of his duty as coach. "Dad," as the 
is generally known, has been eminently successful in hand- 
ling sprinters, and is justly recognized as one of the best 
trainers in this country. He has been an athlete of re- 
markable ability, and his wide experience, united with an 
observing mind, has enabled him to become proficient in 
his line. Upon meeting his men for the first time he en- 
deavors to become acquainted with them individually. 
"Dad" has an easy way with the boys, and with his fund of 
good stories he shortly gains their confidence. It is not 
long before he knows his man. He sizes the man up men- 
tally. He finds out what he has done, as well as whether 
the fellow is ambitious, and finally he has him do his turn. 
With this knowledge as a working basis he starts the man 
to work, and if he has any defects, as most runners have, 
"Dad" will find them out and at once begin to eliminate 
them. He believes in correction by suggestion rather 
than by harsh rule, and thus gets a man interested in his 
work, starts him to thinking by giving him two or more 
methods to experiment on, and in a word makes him 
choose for himself so that he may become self-reliant. 

The athlete is encouraged to let him know just how he 



66 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

feels every day, and if he is laboring under a disadvantage 
there is no more interested a father than "Dad." After 
the experimental days have passed he fixes a trial day some 
three weeks in the future, and all the men are worked hard 
for this event. They are "keyed up" for the trial. 

If the athlete travels any considerable distance he will 
find it wise also to make a trial hard within three days of 
his event, but he should do some light jogging the day 
before so as to get his cramped muscles loosened up, fol- 
lowed by a brisk rub. What the athlete wants before this 
race, after getting into condition, is rest for that short 
time that nature can store up energy. 

If the athlete has been conscientious in his work, and has 
made time in his trials, there is no reason why he should 
not go to the track about two and a half hours after a 
good dinner and a brisk rub feeling like a fighting cock 
and prepared to do or die, for he possesses not only the 
accumulated strength of weeks of conscientious training, 
and regular, but he has a knowledge of himself and his 
ability. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. (i'J 

TRAINING FOR A QUARTER MILE RUN. 

BY D. H. JACKSON. 

A good quarter mile runner is usually a sprinter. In 
the last couple of years the number of good quarter-milers 
has increased greatly, and it is due probably to the fact 
that sprinters have been forced to give up the shorter dash- 
es and take to this distance, for men who cannot do better 
than ID 1-5 have no longer any business in the shorter 
sprints, and accordingly try the quarter, which is the long 
sprint in America. But speed alone will not win here; 
there must be endurance; and very often one man can beat 
a faster man because he can keep nearer to full speed for 
the entire distance. 

In training for the quarter, as indeed in training for any 
distance, the best results will be obtained if there is a 
month of preliminary work done in order to season the 
cords, strengthen the muscles, and get them used to 
work. This preliminary training should consist entirely 
of slow work, that is, jogging. Starting in with only a 
little jogging and walking around the track, the work can 
be gradually increased until a half or three-quarters 
of a mile is covered each time. This work should never be 
so hard as to wind the runner very much, and need not be 
taken every day if the legs get stifif, and if they get sore 
it is best to rest for a few days. 

And now for what may be termed the regular training. 
Bearing in mind the two objects to be attained, namely, 
speed and endurance, it is plain that some time must be 
devoted to each. Therefore on certain days there will be 
sprint work, while other days will be devoted to longer 
jogging. It is impossible to lay down an extra rule and 
expect it to suit all men, for while the general plan of work 
is the same, the amount of each kind will vary for diflferent 
men. For myself I have found the following to best pre- 
pare me for a race. Monday — some starting, a couple of 
fifties and a jog through 600 yards in about 1.30. Tuesday— 



'"^m^'\ 






♦ 



i 




D. H. JACKSON. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 6g 

some more starting, say a 75 yards and a 220 in about 28 
seconds. Wednesday— go through a fast 220 or three 
hundred. Thursday— same as Monday. Friday— start- 
ing, and a jog of two or three hundred yards. Saturday — 
a trial quarter, 300, or 350 yards. I get in a trial quarter 
at least once in two weeks, and if I can stand it all right, 
once a week. On all days before starting or doing any 
fast work there should be a limbering up to avoid strain- 
ing any muscles. 

The new man is perhaps more worried over the way 
he should run the race than over anything else. And the 
only way he can find out how to do this is by studying 
himself in his trials. However, this much may be said. A 
man must be pumped out when he finishes a hard quarter, 
but needs enough to carry him to the tape. And all old 
quarter mile runners will say something like this: "I 
sprint as hard as I can for fifty yards or so, then ease up a 
bit, but keep going just inside my limit with 'a yard up 
my sleeve,' as Fred Stone says, until about seventy-five or 
a hundred yards from the finish, when I cut loose and run 
my 'bloody head off.' " 

Of course if there is not sufficient time for a long pre- 
paration it must be omitted, but still it is necessary to be- 
gin the work very gradually in order to avoid sore mus- 
cles. 



70 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

A DISSERTATION ON THE MILE RUN. 

My Dear Chum : 

Supposing you have determined your distance by care- 
ful study of yourself, and supposing that distance to be the 
mile run, it would not be malapropos to say a few words 
on the general care of your body. "Hitch your wagon on 
to a star," the poet says, and any advice to you would be, 
set your eyes on a goal and then, in your preparation, do 
nothing that will lessen your chances in ultimately reach- 
ing it. More specifically, go to no excess, either physi- 
cally or mentally. Be regular in eating, sleeping and in 
your exercise. Eat not too much or too little. Sleep all 
you can. Take your exercise regularly and moderately. 
Keep in good trim the year around; you will not become 
"the champion" the first year. Take care of yourself when 
out of training and you will have less to do when beginning 
again. 

When shall I begin to train? This question one fre- 
quently hears from the recruit to the track. After my de- 
feat in the mile contest at the Western Intercollegiate meet 
in '95, I followed the winners to their dressing rooms and 
casually inquired when they began work that year. 
"About the middle of January," was their reply. Ac- 
cordingly, the following year, resolving not to be outdone 
in this respect, I commenced the first of January, over five 
months before the event which I was eventually success- 
ful in winning. 

How to begin? It is hardly necessary to say that an 
ambitious mile runner who ran four miles around the 
"gym" track the second day after his decision was made 
never lowered his time below the five minute mark. Start 
in easy, giving up the table delicacies one by one, so that 
privation will not be noticed, and taking just that amount 
of exercise on the track that will enable you to quit fresh 
and not exhausted. The first w^eek run three days, the 
next four, and so on, varying your track work with light 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 7I 

exercise on the chest-weights, dumb-bells, Indian clubs, 
etc., etc., and not infrequently taking a day off to avoid 
getting stale. The best exercise I know of to develop 
your arm and chest muscles is the quick, sharp, horizontal 
and downward movements with dumb-bells; first taking 
a deep inspiration and then holding your breath until you 
have made ten, fifteen, but not over twenty strokes — that 
is enough. Let me again caution you about overdoing 
here. Don't be discouraged if you can't make twenty 
strokes the first day, and don't try to do forty. 

To make a five "miler" two things are of vital import- 
ance: endurance and speed. To have lasting endurance, 
look well to these parts of your anatomy, and strengthen 
them conjointly and proportionately. They are all abso- 
lutely necessary for good work and without any one, no 
matter how good a condition the other two may be in, you 
will not succeed. Placed in the order of their importance, 
if there is any supremacy at all. I mention your legs, your 
lungs, and your stomach. Let us take these up separate- 
ly. You cannot expect to make the muscles of your legs 
like iron, nor impart to them the strength of Sandow's in 
a trice. It takes days, weeks, months — yes, even years. 
Do not think it is necessary to have big legs like prize 
fighters. One of the best mile runners in his day that I 
know of had legs that might even have been regarded as 
puny; but it was their steel-like hardness and staying 
qualities that carried their master to repeated victories. 
First, on the "gym" track, soon after New Year's; then, 
when the weather gets pleasanter, on the cross-country 
runs, and later on the athletic field, bring them slowly, 
but steadily to that degree of perfection which will surely 
bring you success in your contests. 

Unconsciously, perhaps, while looking after your legs 
you have been improving your mind; and the chest- 
weights and cross-country runs already mentioned will 
do you great good in this direction. Just a word in re- 



72 W. I. A. A. A, HANDBOOK. 

gard to the cross-country running. Perhaps there are a 
dozen of you, and you have hung together pretty well dur- 
ing the five to ten miles covered. As you approach the 
"gym" on your return, there is apt to be some rivalry as 
to who finishes first. Let the others rush in, if they will; 
you hang back and finish easy. The entire good effect of 
the afternoon's work is destroyed — nay, you are even put 
back — by sprinting in to cover. Save your sprint and your 
strength until you are in a race. 

The stomach, unfortunately, is an organ that is often 
neglected, much to the regret of the would-be successful 
runner. It is hard to "lay down" any regular rules for 
dieting, but I should advise you to eat regularly, and not 
to overeat. See that what you eat is good food and well 
prepared. Avoid fresh and hot bread, preserves, rich 
gravies and spicy foods, and never eat pie, cake or candy, 
nor drink too much tea or coffee. Better let the tea alone 
and drink only one cup of coffee at breakfast and try to 
train down to three glasses of liquid a day. Eat plenty of 
meat, any of the cereals, few vegetables, stale bread, and 
fresh fruit in small quantities, and with the precautions 
mentioned you will find your stomach will not go back 
on you. Never eat a bite within three hours of a race. 
Following this rule, there is little likelihood of your ever 
having to complain of your stomach either during or after 
running. 

In the mile run endurance is only half. You may have 
legs of iron, magnificent wind and a strong stomach. If 
you have not developed speed your efforts are nil. Along 
about the first of May commence work in this direction, 
using the fifty-yard dash to warm up on, and then a 
"brisk" half, or a "tight" quarter, or, possibly, one or two 
"speedy" two-twenties. No definite rules can be given. 
Here a trained or an old runner's services are almost in- 
dispensable, for at this time the "fine" work commences. 
Consult, if possible, some athletic manager and have a 
five-minute talk. He will give you some splendid advice. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. ']l 

I, myself, am greatly indebted to Mr. Harry Cornish, of 
the Knickerbocker Athletic Club, and formerly athletic 
director of the Chicago Athletic Association, and also to 
Mr. Fred Stone, present athletic instructor of that club, 
for the great services they rendered me in this direction 
while on the track. 

Don't think that in a race the fastest man always wins. 
In an unwary moment a rival at your elbow may make a 
spurt, get a "lead" and drop over the line a winner, 
while, comparatively fresh, you are vainly endeavoring to 
catch him. In brief, employ headwork; be constantly on 
the alert; and, while I trust you may never be guilty, watch 
out for the jobs others may put up on you. Personally, 
I prefer the stooping position for a start in the long-dis- 
tance runs, and believe a second or two gained here may 
win you the race, or lower the record you are after. 

After you are "under way" get into second place and 
try to get someone else to set the pace, hanging close to 
his elbow and never allowing him to slack up. If he 
does, jump instantly into first position and try to "kill" 
ofif your competitors before the final struggle. If, how- 
ever, they are "stayers" and you have been unable to shake 
them, be sure, whether in first or second position, to sprint 
first, but not too soon, in the final dash, making the re- 
serve strength which you have "tucked up your sleeve" 
just carry you across the line, if necessary; but, if possible, 
finish strong and walk unassisted to your dressing room; 
it looks better and you will then never be accused of mak- 
ing a "grand stand" finish. 

In conclusion, enter heartily on your work; believe in 
yourself and that eventually you will attain success; use 
what you have and cultivate lots more nerve; if defeated, 
don't bemoan your ill-luck, but keep quiet, study the cause 
and work harder the next time; if successful, take your 
victory modestly and try to console the vanquished; con- 
sider their feelings and they will then not be jealous of 
you. Yours for success, HENRY B. CRAGIN, JR. 




EDWIN BINGHAM COPELAND. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 75 

THE HALF MILE AND MILE RUNS. 

BY EDWIN BINGHAM COPELAND. 

To lay down fixed and definite rules of training for the 
middle-distance runs is probably more impracticable than 
the same attempt would be for any other event of the 
field-day programme. For a sprinter or juniper or ham- 
mer thrower must not only put himself in the pink of con- 
dition in order to win, but he must have in himself, before 
he starts to train, a certain jiatural endowment of latent 
ability, in nimbleness or in weight; to this extent all prom- 
ising candidates for these events must be alike, and may 
be trained alike. But any man, if he has a reasonably 
strong constitution — that is, if he is in fair health and in no 
way deformed — has all the physical equipment requisite for 
a successful half or mile runner. The inborn qualities 
most essential for success in these events arc rather in the 
head than in the body. A general idea can be given, how- 
ever, of the training methods which have led to victorious 
work, and which, intelligently adopted to individual needs 
and faithfully carried out, ought ultimately to produce the 
future champions. 

First, and above all things, take care of your bodies, for 
these are hard events, and demand all of the energy that 
the best of habits can accumulate. The bad effects of al- 
cohol and tobacco are already a trite subject, but can 
never be over-emphasized. The man who has never used 
them has the best prospect; the man who touches either 
of them while training is worse than useless to a team. If 
a man really cares for them, let him seize the opportunity 
by abstaining to cultivate the will he has got to have when 
he wants to race. Though not to be classed with liquors 
and tobacco, tea and coffee, especially the latter, are likely 
to be injurious in their effects, whether their effects are 
immediate or not. and would best be avoided. The best 
drink is good water, and even this should not be used in 



7^ W. I, A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

too large quantities. Having it boiled, as "cambric tea," 
is a good plan. Avoid ice. In my own experience there 
has been nothing to justify the prevalent idea that milk is 
injurious to the "wind," and if a runner likes milk I would 
let him have it, boiled. 

The food should be strengthening but not fattening. 
Eat plenty of good lean meat; beef is the best, afid broiled 
steaks preferable to roasts. Eggs are all right, but their 
use is often carried to an extreme at training tables. Shun 
butter and anything else so conspicuously fattening. 
Bread, toasted, or at any rate not fresh, should be, with 
the meat, the backbone of the diet. Enough vegetables 
should be eaten so that, aided by regular exercise, the ac- 
tion of the bowels will be normal, and perfectly regular. 
Remembering the objects of dieting, which are, firstly, to 
keep in perfect health, and, secondly, to accumulate as 
much strength as possible with the best practicable in- 
crease of weight, everyone must adjust the details of his 
diet to suit his own case. If the routine of training-table 
fare is not elastic enough to permit this, it is likely to do 
more harm than good. 

Some forms of exercise, as hurdling, violent walking, 
or much bicycling, are injurious to speed and ought to be 
let it alone. The utmost regularity should characterize the 
daily programme. Always train at the same hour (four 
o'clock is a common time), do not let meal-time vary, and 
be scrupulously observant of training rules about retiring 
at night. The more sleep you can get regularly the bet- 
ter. 

A boy whose physique is mature enough so that he may 
judiciously be a candidate for a football eleven is probably 
ready to try the distance runs. This is not always true at 
eighteen. And for the same reason that the fastest year- 
lings do not make the greatest racehorses, an over-devo- 
tion to these harder forms of athletics at too early an age 
entails dangers more far-reaching than the mere loss of 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. ^^ 

speed at a later day. The development of athletics in the 
preparatory schools, the best thing possible for the physi- 
cal welfare of the boys concerned, if kept within bounds, is 
a real menace to them if carried to a point which in college 
is desirable and necessary. At least until a boy stops 
growing, his highest aim in athletics should be the devel- 
opment of all-round strength and agility. 

At the very beginning of training, cross-country runs or 
jogs of two miles or so on the track are probably all right. 
They will strengthen the legs and chest, and are less likely 
to cause soreness than faster work at shorter distances. 
This is said to have been the regular plan of work of the 
holder of the professional mile record, W. G. George, 
but is certainly a poor preparation for racing, and most 
men would best not stick to it more than two weeks. Af- 
ter that, the work should vary daily, and the distance run 
in practice should seldom be as great as that to be tried 
in competitions. It is advisable to go over the full dis- 
tance about once a week to be sure you are familiar with 
it, but these frequent trials ought not to be quite at full 
speed. In training for the half, the quarter and third are 
distances to be most practiced on; if the mile is in view, 
these should sometimes be increased to the half or three- 
quarters. And whether you are running at full speed or 
only at a fast jog, always know the exact time. Educate 
yourself to know at any time just how fast you are going— 
a power that is invaluable in a race. A very large part of 
the work to be done is of course merely as exercise, for 
no definite distance and at no fixed speed. "Working off" 
from scratch with the sprinters is easy and profitable work 
for the distance man, and it often happens that the start 
is an important part of a race. Taking short, springy 
steps, and raising the knees as high as the waist is excel- 
lent practice, for a low, heavy step will never win a race. 
Best of all training schemes is to go along at an easy jog, 
and suddenly, at or with a signal, jump into full speed 



78 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

and sprint forty yards or so and then gradually ease up to 
the jog again. When partly rested by the slower pace, 
repeat the performance. A well-trained distance runner 
must be able to sprint nearly as fast when almost ex- 
hausted as when fresh. Before your day's work begins 
warm up with an easy rub, and have a thorough one before 
you have time to dry off, when you are done. If you are 
not stiff there is no need of liniments; and if the skin be- 
comes inflamed for want of a lubricant a little water will 
serve this purpose and the demands of cleanliness at the 
same time. But do not bathe more than you need to to 
be clean. Do not let the feet be neglected in the rubbing 
Before going into a race a man should have a pretty fair 
idea of what he is able to do. For this purpose a trial 
should be run about a week before the contest; and in 
many cases the mental condition of the contestant makes 
it advisable to run the first trial as much as three weeks 
in advance, so that by successive trials he can gain self-re- 
liance enough not to be jockeyed or "rattled" during the 
race. Do not be discouraged if your trials are not as fast 
as you think they should be, for a man who is the right 
sort of racing material will always run easier and faster 
in competition. If you know what you can do without it, 
any trial is superfluous; before his great run in 21 2-5 sec- 
onds Maybury had not been timed for the 220 yards dur- 
ing the entire spring. 

When field-day arrives keep calm and quiet. Worry is 
worse than work. For breakfast eat enough, but do not 
drink more than one glass of water, and if you feel any 
thirst again before the race satisfy it by gargling. For 
dinner I should eat nothing but tender, broiled steak. Go 
to the scratch well rubbed and thoroughly warm. If your 
hair is soaked you may be more comfortable on the last 
lap. After the race begins the great essential is not to get 
scared nor let anything keep you from running as is easi- 
est for you. If you feel pretty tired on the way you may 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 79 

be very certain the rest of the field is no less weary. Run 
for all there is in you, and if you are well trained there is 
absolutely no danger of injury from over-exertion. 

And, after all, if you run just as fast as you can and 
somebody else is a little faster yet, don't be discouraged, 
and in a year the tables may be turned. If a man does the 
half in 2.05 his first season he is a phenomenon; it took 
me three years of conscientious work to lower 2.07. No 
man has any right to give up after one failure. And if he 
keeps on trying, his patience will ultimately make him a 
surer winner than the rival who is so speedy at first that 
his patience and "nerve" are never schooled. 



80 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

THE MILE WALK. 

BY FRANK SCOTT BUNNELL. 

Of all the events usually contested in the track and field 
meets of the day, none requires greater endurance than 
does the walk. This fact is largely to be accounted for 
because the racing gait is peculiarly an artificial one. At 
the same time it cannot be said that this exercise is injuri- 
ous, unless, of course, it be practiced to excess. Walking 
uses more of the muscles and thus insures more symmetri- 
cal development than any other one of the track and field 
contests. 

"O yes, I can walk;" "why, anyone can walk a mile;" 
"it's the easiest race of the lot;" remarks like these are 
frequently heard among those who have never tried any 
form of athletic exercise. But let the tyro step beside one 
of even moderate proficiency in walking races, and see 
how soon he will be distanced; or if he is not, it will be 
because his head drags down, his body comes forward, his 
knees fail to lock sharply behind at each stride and, in a 
stiff-legged run, he has lost all semblance of a walk; even 
then the racer may beat. 

The distinction made between a run and a fair walk is 
this: In running, the man is clear of the ground during 
each stride; in walking some part of one foot at least must 
always be on the ground; in running the knee is bent at 
the end of each stride; in walking the knee must "lock" 
sharply, both in front and behind, that is, when the foot 
comes down and when it comes up. 

But, just as in a hurdle race, the essentials are to jump 
the hurdles and sprint for the tape, but yet proper "form" 
aids performing these essentials; so in walking, while the 
only requirements are "keep on the ground and lock the 
knee," a certain "form" must be acquired in order to do 
these things successfully. 

In the first place keep the body well up from the hips 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 8l 

and have the head well thrown back. This will insure easy 
breathing and at the same time will let the feet swing clear 
of the ground. The arms should be swung with consid- 
erable force, though not violently. Some walkers walk 
with arms bent nearly to a right angle, but in general the 
forearm should make an angle of about 135 degrees with 
the upper arm. The value of this armswing is that it helps 
to shift the weight from one foot to the other. "Corks" 
can be used or not, as the walker prefers, but if they are 
used, don't grip them hard — merely let them lie in the 
hands. 

The foot should be swung close to the ground and as 
near as possible to the other ankle; step as though walk- 
ing a trial, with one foot squarely ahead of the other and 
with toes set straight "fore and aft," "pigeon toed" rather 
than with feet turned out. 

Most important of all is the "hip-roll." By this means 
the practical length of the leg is increased nearly or quite 
six inches. The "hip-roll" is a hard thing to describe; to 
acquire it, walk as though the legs were hinged, not at 
the hips, but at the waist. This means that when both 
feet are on the ground and as far separated as possible 
(that is, just before the rear foot is lifted) one hip must 
be in advance of the other. Now, as the rear foot is 
brought forward, let the hips roll so far as to bring the 
other on in advance. Thus for use in walking the length 
of leg may be said to be measured not from hip-joint to 
instep, but from waist to instep. To acquire this rolling 
motion it is absolutely essential that the athlete be loosely 
built about the waist and hips. 

One general caution is yet to be given: Don't tighten 
up; keep every joint and muscle loose; "wobble along" as 
though strung together on wires. This will be found to 
be the first evidence of fatigue, that the muscles begin to 
tighten; first the hands clench the corks, then the elbows 
become rigid, the stiffness reaches the shoulders, the waist 



82 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

and finally the legs. Just remember that every muscle 
held unnecessarily tightened requires strength, which 
must come from the general endurance. The sooner the 
hands tighten on the corks the sooner will the legs give 
out. 

As for costume, the shoes alone need mention. They 
should be light, close-fitting, smooth-soled and very low- 
heeled. Spikes of any kind are a positive detriment. 

The better the general "form" the more lenient will be 
the judge, should the walker come off the ground. Above 
all things don't lose your head when "sprinting" — then, if 
ever, you are closely watched; then, if ever, your "form" 
must be irreproachable. 

One word as to the general utility of this exercise. It 
is advantageous to be able to run, at times it is of use to 
spring or jump, but for all-round usefulness, walking, in 
the writer's opinion, surpasses abilities in other athletic 
lines. Of course in walking on the street the excessive 
hip-roll and arm-swing would be out of place; but after a 
season's racing one will find that all walking is easy; that 
he goes along with a free, easy, swinging motion, which 
carries him over the ground with alarming rapidity and 
with almost no exertion. Even the short run for a street 
car disarranges the clothing, leaves one out of breath and 
makes him generally uncomfortable; but the smooth and 
rapid walk can be sustained for miles at a twelve-minute 
gait, with no more fatigue than that felt by the ordinary 
mortal at one-half the speed. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 83 

HURDLING. 

BY J NO. R. RICHARDS. 

Some ideas regarding hurdling may be gained by glanc- 
ing at the characteristics of men who have made records 
over the sticks. 

The two who stand out more prominently than the others 
are Chase and Bremer, the record holders of the high and 
low hurdles respectively. 

CHASE. 

Chase was American champion in '95, as well as victor 
in the same year over Godfrey Shaw, the Englishman. 
His best mark and the present world's record is 15 2-5 sec- 
onds, which he made in the fall of '95. 

Chase is not a particularly speedy sprinter, nor can he 
be called a high jumper. These two qualities are usually 
considered by beginners as essential requisites to success 
at hurdling. Chase is tall — nearly six feet — and free 
from anything like superfluous flesh, although by no means 
a shadow. His build need discourage no one from trying 
the hurdles, for it is not the prevailing physique among 
high hurdlers. His phenomenal speed lies in his style. 
His stride, steady and clean, scarcely interrupting his speed 
at the sticks, saved his strength and enabled him to per- 
form those finishes for which he was famous. 

BREMER. 
Bremer, of Harvard, the low hurdler, was a fast quarter- 
miler before he made his mark as the fastest man in the 
world over the lows. He has negotiated the 220 yards 
over the ten flights in 243-5 seconds. He is a strongly 
built, well-knit athlete, showing in his physique the vitality 
necessary for the strain of a 220 race. Speed is a much 
greater factor here than in the high hurdles, and Bremer's 
speed as a sprinter was no small point in his favor when 
he concluded to adopt hurdling as his event. 




JOHN R. RICHARDS. 



\V. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 85 

PRESENT WESTERN HURDLERS. 
Among the hurdlers in the West capable of more than 
mediocre performances are Chubb and McLean, of Mich- 
igan, and Armstrong, of Grinnell. Kraenzlein would 
have been the undisputed Western champion, but. unfor- 
tunately for the West, the seductive influences of the East 
proved too great, and he must be numbered with the East- 
ern cracks. 

THE HIGH HURDLES. 

The hurdling events in our contests are never so over- 
crowded with entries as are the dashes, and men with fair 
speed, wasting their efforts at the dashes, might find them- 
selves winners at the hurdles. Ordinary speed is all the 
hurdle aspirant needs. Often men with lots of speed are 
unable to hurdle. A man must be steady on his legs and 
be able to maintain his stride and speed after clearing the 
sticks. 

The stride in the high hurdles used by all who can clarni 
the term hurdler consists of three steps between each hur- 
dle. This allows the use of the same leg at every stick, 
and is not too long when you consider the distance cov- 
ered by your jump in clearing the hurdle. Novices will 
always find themselves stretching a bit to hold this stride, 
but with practice comes confidence, and as the speed is in- 
creased the stride becomes easier. 

Taking the hurdles is the critical portion of a hurdler's 
work, as well as the most difficult. The legs must be 
swung into such a position while in the air that the body 
need be raised but little in clearing the stick. The higher 
the jump the longer the distance you are compelled to 
travel, and just so much energy is wasted. The front leg- 
that is, the one leaving the ground first-is usually thrown 
forward into a position as nearly horizontal as possible, 
and is slightly inclined toward the body. If you use the 
left leg in the jump the right leg is shot forward horizon- 



86 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

tally, but from the knee it is inclined toward the other leg. 
This is seen at once by observing snap-shots of hurdlers 
clearing the sticks. The leg used in the jump trails be- 
hind, following the body in such a way as to necessitate 
no extra height in the jump. At no event must it be pulled 
up as a crane holds up one leg while standing on the 
other. 

This style can best be acquired by beginning with one 
hurdle. Run at it and make an approach at the "split" as 
you jump to clear the stick. From one hurdle go to 
using three, and besides the clearing of the stick you can 
now work on your stride. 

THE LOW HURDLES. 

Speed is the prime requisite for a low hurdler. Still, 
some men who could never win dashes have turned out to 
be clever hurdlers. Speed, endurance and a steady stride 
are the tests. 

Men who use the same leg to jump from at each hurdle 
make seven strides between each hurdle. Eight are used 
by hurdlers able to navigate both legs. Most men are 
restricted to one leg in their jumps, and find themselves 
out entirely if forced to jump from the wrong or unac- 
customed leg. Seven is the prevailing stride, the one 
used by Bremer and the one employed by Kraenzlein and 
Buck. Beginners, however, will find it difficult to main- 
tain such a stride as seven the whole course. Nine must 
often be used at first, or at some part of the course. The 
manner of clearing the hurdles is essentially the same as 
in the high hurdles. The height of the obstacles, how- 
ever, makes it less a question of getting over and more of 
a question of getting on. 

There is usually a slight hesitancy — prevalent with many 
hurdlers — in taking the first stick. Hard and fast rules 
fiannot, of course, be laid down, but the habit or ability to 



VV. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 87 

dash at the first hurdle will gain yards and give the much 
coveted lead. 

TRAINING. 

The work of a hurdler in fitting himself for a race is 
primarily the same as that of a sprinter. The hurdler 
should work every day at three or four hurdles until he is 
sure of his stride and sure to clear the stick closely; then 
he is ready for the full route, say once, or at best twice, a 
week — not at full speed. The remaining portion of his 
training is the same as the sprinter's — getting off the mark, 
short spurts and occasional jogs. 




EARL W. PEABODY, 

Winner of 110 Firsts in 1897. 



W. I. A. A A. HANDBOOK. 89 

THE BICYCLE EVENTS. 

BY EARL W. PEABODY. 

I hardly know what advice to give to the candidate for 
honors in the bicycle races, so much depends on the pre- 
vious training and the natural capabilities of the man. But 
the following suggestions will be found useful by most 
young riders. 

The first thing to be sought for is strength. Speed 
comes afterward. In most cases the man cannot begin 
real outdoor training until April i, and this is early 
enough. Too long or too hard training is much more 
injurious than not enough. 

I would recommend simple, light systematic exercise 
previous to April i. This exercise may be of any kind, 
the whole object being simply to get the system into a 
normal healthy state. Home trainers I do not believe in. 
The first of April having arrived, the candidate should 
begin his special training. Steady, hard work with no 
sprinting should be his programme at first. He will 
probably engage in no intercollegiate contests before the 
middle of May, and it is for these he must train, not for 
preliminary trials. About two miles at a good stiff pace, 
say three minutes, if he works alone, and 2:50 if he has 
one or two others to change pace with him, is enough 
work at first. There should be no sprint or attempt to 
pa.s the pacemaker at the finish of the work. This sort 
of work should be continued a week and then the distance 
should be increased to three miles. After another week 
l^ve miles should be negotiated. At the end of the third 
week it will be time to begin sprinting. About three one- 
hundred-yard sprints, with the wind, with a good rest be- 
tween each ride, and then a stiff mile will do for the fourth 
week The fifth week I should suggest two full eigtith 
mile sprints, and then after a good rest a good stiff 
mile with a spurt of about one hundred yards at the end 



90 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

of it. After five weeks the candidate should ride a hard 
mile, closing with a fast sprint for the entire last eighth 
about twice each day, substituting a quarter-mile flying 
start, unpaced trial for one of the miles about every other 
day. All work should be done under the trainer's eye and 
the time carefully noted. I would not dismount to rest, 
but remain on the wheel, riding easily. All sprints should 
be with the wind; the object being to develop fast motion. 
No distance greater than a quarter should be attempted 
at full speed. There being no handicaps to be contested, 
nothing further than that is necessary, and such work re- 
tards the development of a man's sprint. Do not use an 
excessively high gear, and use a gear about six inches 
lower than you intend to ride during the first four weeks 
of training. Avail yourself of your trainer's experience. 
Whether he be a bicycle trainer or not, he can tell you 
whether you are doing too much or too little work, if he 
is a competent man. As to position, get a comfortable 
position during the first week and stick to it. Don't get 
your handle bars too low. Remember that your elbows 
will bend on occasion. Never, either in training or rac- 
ing, "duck your head" so that you cannot see the whole 
track in front of you. You can ride just as fast without 
doing so. Wear stockings or long tights and plenty of 
other clothes on cold days, so as to run no risk of taking 
cold. Follow the regular training and remember that a 
bicyclist, above all others, must have his stomach in per- 
fect order if he wishes to succeed. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. QI 

THE RUNNING BROAD JUMP. 

BY JAMES A. LEROY. 

Perhaps no event on the programme is more uncertain 
than is the running broad jump, and in no other event 
is the really superior competitor so often beaten by the 
man who. though not so brilliant, is more sure of doing 
his distance. This is due to several things. In the first 
place, this event is one that demands snap and springi- 
ness, without any particular degree of endurance, and con- 
siderably more also than it demands fineness of training. 
Another reason is that the making of a good jump de- 
pends so completely on getting a good "take-off" — that is, 
striking the joist from which the jump is made just so as 
to get the rise from its edge. 

This point of mastering the take-off is really the first 
thing to be undertaken by the person who seeks honor in 
this event. The new man who has never jumped in spiked 
shoes before looks rather suspiciously on the five-inch 
joist from which he is told he must jump. It should be 
noted that the rules provide that a place to jump from 
shall be fixed by sinking a five-inch joist flush with the 
earth, and then digging away the ground in front of it to 
the depth of three and the width of twelve inches. The 
competitor whose spikes touch the ground in front of the 
board makes a foul, which counts as one trial. This pre- 
vents any one getting an unfair advantage by stepping be- 
yond the edge of the board, and at the same time the dig- 
ging away of the dirt in front allows the jumper to get his 
instep squarely on the joist and get the full benefit of a 
spring from it. The task set before the new man is to so 
master his run that he will come to the board at top speed, 
and at the same time have his jumping foot come squarely 
upon the joist and give him a spring off its edge. 

He cannot run at the take-off by guesswork and take his 
chances on his stride coming right just as he wants to 




JAMES A. LeROY. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 93 

jump. There are several ways for a jumper to "get his 
distance," as this is called, and a brief description of the 
easiest way may be made. Most men jump from the right 
foot, and most men also want to run about twelve strides 
at top speed before the jump. The beginner should there- 
fore draw a line parallel with the joist and, say, sixty feet 
down the running path from it. He should go back fifteen 
or twenty feet from that and then run at it to get up 
speed, touching his jumping foot (right or left, as the case 
may be) on the mark and running from there to the joist 
at top speed. If he overruns the joist he can shift his 
mark back, and vice versa. The point is that he must have 
a mark at some stated distance which is just ten or twelve 
or fourteen times the average length of his stride, so that 
he can have the fullest confidence each time that he will 
strike the board all right. For instance, my distance is 
63 feet II inches, and every time I compete I measure that 
distance off with a tape from the inner edge of the joist, 
make a mark there that I can keep my eye on, and then 
draw back a distance to get up my speed. From that mark 
I must alwavs go at top speed to the joist; otherwise my 
stride would vary and I could not be sure of hitting the 
board. This distance (63 feet and 11 inches) is probably 
longer than the average jumper's run, though a good many 
run further than this at full speed. The beginner must 
make a good many trials at it to find out how far he had 
better run. The more speed he can work up by his run 
the better is his jump, of course, and he needs to shorten 
the distance if he finds that his speed falls off before reach- 
ing the take-off. 

Having once ascertained his distance fairly well, the 
learner at the game may consider much the greatest ob- 
stacle out of the way. There is no use, however, for him 
to try to begin jumping unless he has got this take-off 
down to a reasonable degree of accuracy. And after that 
he will find, very likely, as he keeps on training, that his 



94 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

Stride is lengthening, and consequently he will need to be 
lengthening out his running distance. When he comes to 
the jump itself, things are easier. The first point to be 
remembered is to get high up in the air. The higher the 
jumper can rise, without trying to send himself straight 
up, of course, the farther he will go; and it may safely be 
set down that no one can jump twenty-one feet or more 
without getting well up in the air. As soon as the jump- 
ing leg leaves the board, the body should be drawn up 
into a ball so far as possible, both knees being pulled up 
well in front of the body and as high as the chin. These 
may seem like little points, but each one of them is im- 
portant, and no really long jump can be made by the per- 
son who does not get this "rise" properly. Just as the 
body is beginning to descend, the legs should be shot out 
in front of the body, and the impetus added thus will 
lengthen the jump, besides the fact that the jump will be 
made as long as the legs can reach. There need be no fear 
of falling back, as the impetus the body has will send it 
on over as soon as the feet touch the ground, which should 
of course be well spaded up and softened up by raking. 
Loam, and not clay, should, if possible, be dumped in the 
place where the jumper lights. 

All this concerns the jump itself. The training for the 
event should be a mixture of jumping and sprinting prac- 
tice. In the spring, when starting in, there should be no 
jumping at all until the candidate has unlimbered his 
muscles by at least a few days of preliminary work, con- 
sisting each day of four or five starts and dashes of from 
fifteen to thirty or forty yards. "Go slow on the start" is 
always the motto. 

After this preliminary work the candidate may try the 
jumping itself. He should be careful at first not to jump 
more than four or five times a day, nor more than three 
days a week. Snap and spring are what he wants more 
than anything else, consequently he must beware of dead- 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 95 

ening himself. After a while he can venture a few jumps 
every day, and a trial out in half a dozen or so jumps for 
his best once a week. Sprinting practice should be kept up 
right along to make the stride even and unvarying, and to 
develop speed. Though a good broad-jumper doesn't nec- 
essarily have to be a very fast sprinter, it is very evident 
that there must at least be a fair degree of speed to attain 
success at the game. 

To all that has been said here must be added the re- 
mark that it is utterly impossible to lay down any hard and 
fast rules for all men to work by in this event, any more 
than in any other. Men differ materially in the amount 
of work they can stand and in the style in which they can 
do an event most easily, and experience is necessary before 
it is possible to be sure just how to go at an event. From 
my own experience, liowcver, I would record the impres- 
sion that the saying that it is much easier to train too 
much than too little is more true of the jumps than of 
any other events. My very best marks were made when 
I was practically untrained, because I was then feeling 
fresh and vigorous and there was no particular need in 
this event for working up endurance. The beginner at the 
broad jump needs to work and work hard at mastering 
the form and style of the event, as previously outlined. 
Then he wants to see to it that he comes to a contest with 
lots of snap and vigor, and not with muscles deadened by 
too much spring being demanded from them within the 
few days or the week before. 




FREDERICK W. VON OVEN. 



W I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 97 

HAMMER THROWING. 

BY FREDERICK W. VON OVEN. 

Probably no other single athletic event has witnessed 
such a large average development among its participants 
during the past few years as hammer throwing. Not only 
has the distance of the throws been greatly increased, but 
a larger number of athletes have taken an increased liking 
for the sport which, in fact, has doubtless led to the high 
standard of the best throwers in America at this day. 

Formerly it was believed, and erroneously so, that a 
hammer thrower need be a very large, sometimes heavy 
and extremely strong built man. Indeed the sport needs 
considerable strength, but that alone is but one of the 
essentials. As in all other sports, strength combined with 
science and skill, or, in other words, all of the power of 
the athlete exerted to its utmost advantage, is the form to 
be highly sought after. It is not so very common to find 
a man who possesses considerable strength and who is 
entirely able to handle himself with enough ease, that 
all of his reserve energy may be applied in the proper 
direction. However, this condition of affairs should not 
discourage anybody just turning his attention to hammer 
throwing. The event needs considerable practice and at- 
tention, and should the efforts of a beginner during the 
first, and maybe even the second year not be highly re- 
paid, he must not travel the path of a "quiter," and think 
that hammer throwing has nothing in store for him. Cer- 
tainly there should be some progress between the two 
consecutive years of training; however, this may be small, 
as the first few years are fully employed in learning the 
proper swing and turn. 

In all amateur events the hammer, which may vary in 
weight, is thrown from a seven-foot circle; the privileges 
and limitations for a contestant within the same may be 
found in all Amateur Rule Books. Various methods and 
styles of throwing are used to increase the momentum of 



98 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

the weight, but strictly speaking they may be classified 
under three heads, namely: (i) Standing throw, (2) sin- 
gle turn, and (3) double turn. At times a triple turn has 
been employed. The use of a turn with the hammer is to 
increase the speed and, therefore, add to its momentum, 
which results in an increase of the distance of throw. 
Hence came the successive uses of the single and double 
turns. Any deviation in the hammer from a higher to a 
lower velocity during the course of a throw before delivery 
produces a remarkable shortening in the distance of throw, 
especially if such decrease in velocity happens very shortly 
before delivery. 

Speed in the thrower naturally proceeds from the devel- 
opment of the above-mentioned methods of turning. A 
beginner, and very often heavy men, can make a decidedly 
better attempt by not using any turn at all, unless he can 
make the same rapid enough to increase the velocity which 
the hammer had attained by simply swinging same about 
the body from a standstill, and also maintain a clean, ac- 
curate delivery. The same relation exists between the sin- 
gle and double turns. No increase of distance will be at- 
tained until the thrower can produce the double turn with 
sufficient rapidity to increase the velocity beyond that 
which he is able to attain by a single turn, and also at the 
same time maintain the perfectness of delivery. 

The position that the thrower should take within the 
circle and the method of turning with the hammer under 
motion are as follows: 

(i) For Standing Throw. — In this no specific principle 
can be followed. The thrower must assume some such po- 
sition in which he feels securely braced against the bending 
efYect produced while swinging the weight. In Figure i A 
is the general direction in which the hammer is to be 
tossed. The thrower should assume the position as indi- 
cated, facing B, and having his feet not too far apart; the 
heel of his left foot being very close on the front limit of 




•o \ 




U 



01 



100 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

the circle. The number of revolutions given to the ham- 
mer before delivery is best judged by the participant after 
due practice, 

(2) Single Turn.— For this method the person takes 
his position as indicated (Fig, 2) in the back portion of the 
circle, facing B, and with the hammer in a position of rest 
at C, After having the hammer go the desired number of 
revolutions while standing at position (i), the beginning 
of the turn is started as the hammer is still well behind 
him, as near C. To make the turn the person turns to the 
left on his left foot, swinging the right around to its 
place in position (2), after which the left foot is brought 
forward from position (i) to its corresponding place in 
position (2), which is that held at time of delivery of the 
hammer. The turn must be made quickly, care being 
taken that the body in motion is kept well ahead of the 
hammer and that there is a constant increase in the 
velocity. The lines (a b) and (c d) passing through the 
centres of feet in positions (i) and (2) should be parallel, 
or nearly so. 

(3) Double Turn. — The double turn requires the great- 
est speed in making the two turns and the delivery. In 
this, as in the single turns, the person takes the position as 
indicated at (i) Figure 3, facing B. The turning is a dou- 
ble repetition of the single turn, the positions (i), (2) and 
(3) being occupied, respectively, from beginning to end; 
(3) being the position of delivery, the thrower still facing 
B. 

A common fault of beginners is to waste a greater por- 
tion of the circle by not following the hammer toward the 
front of the circle just before delivery. This is probably 
due to a fear of fouling. If such be the case it is best to 
practise without reference to any limitation of ground sur- 
face covered, and thus become accustomed to follow the 
hammer forward. 

Too much stress cannot be laid upon the regularity of 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. IQT 

training. From twelve to fifteen throws per day is but a 
reasonable amount of work for most any one, and in con- 
nection with this it is advisable to do some running, 
mostly in the short distances. The use of a light hammer, 
say from 12 to 14 pounds in weight, is recommended for a 
larger portion of the practice work, notably in learning the 
turn. Work with other weights — at least with the shot — 
is advisable. Training with the hammer during the winter 
months in this climate is entirely out of the question. In 
its place it is well to take a moderate amount of general 
gymnasium work and store up energy for the spring. 



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ALVAN H. CULVER. 



W. t. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. IO3 

POLE VAULTING. 

BY ALVAN H. CULVER. 

There is a considerable difference of opinion as to the 
proper way to pole vault and as much difference in the 
way to train for the event. What I shall say in regard to 
vaulting is based principally upon my own experience. 

It is generally conceded that no one of the fourteen 
standard events brings so many muscles into play as this 
one. The qualities which go to make a high jumper, a 
running broad jumper, a sprinter and a rope climber, 
when properly combined, make a good vaulter. By notic- 
ing the style of his performance it is generally easy to tell 
in which line he excels. A good high jumper will usually 
take a short run, depending entirely upon his spring to get 
him up in the air. On the other hand, a sprinter or a broad 
jumper will take a longer run and strike the take-off at 
his very highest speed. In all cases the height and posi- 
tion of his hands on the pole depend very largely upon 
the strength of his arms; the stronger they are the lower 
he may hold the pole and the closer together his hands. 
The fact that a man '>xcels in one of these events undoubt- 
edly helps him, but ia order to be a successful vaulter he 
must be fairly good in all. 

No great amount of actual vaulting can be done in the 
ordinary gymnasium, as the best of mats serve very poorly 
to break the force of the fall when any height is reached. 
A beginner may practice vaulting steadily indoors without 
much danger of serious results up to the height of eight 
feet or eight feet six, but after that he should not practice 
oftcner than once a week. If too much is done the ankles 
and the calves are likely to become stiffened. At the first 
indication of the heel becoming bruised or the shin bone 
sore he should stop vaulting until they are again in their 
normal condition. If he still insists on practicing he will 
certainly be laid up a much longer time than if he had 
quit at first. These injuries can be cured only by rest. 



I04 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

No hard and fast rule can be laid down as to how much 
work a person should do, as no t^Vo people are affected 
exactly alike by the same exercise. Here is a schedule 
of a week's work which may be modified according to the 
person and the time at his disposal. 

On Monday, Wednesday and Friday use light dumb- 
bells, pulley weights or Whitely Exercises for from ten 
to fifteen minutes, to strengthen the arms and shoulders. 
Follow this by starting cleats from six to ten times, run- 
ning as far as the space will permit up to thirty yards. 
Then try high-jumping. 

On Tuesday and Thursday, after using the weights and 
starting the same as on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, 
swing on the flying rings or do some rope climbing. 
These last events strengthen the grip and are important. 
On Saturday vault, resting on Sunday. 

When the work is over a short shower-bath, with the 
water not too cold, should be taken, followed by a rub 
down. 

In vaulting, enough mats should be used and so placed 
as to preclude any chance of falling on the bare floor, for 
an accident of this nature is liable to result in a permanent 
injury. Unless this precaution can be taken it is best not 
to vault at all indoors. This line of work will put a per- 
son in condition to vault outdoors. He will find that 
there is considerable difference here. The pole will slip 
more and must be placed in the ground further back from 
the bar. This makes a difference in raising the body, and 
practice alone can accustom one to the change. The pole 
should be about fourteen feet long and as light as will bear 
the strain. While a light pole is desirable, great care 
should be used to see that there is no danger of its break- 
ing. If it is not strong enough a serious accident is liable 
to happen, and even though one escapes injury, the 
breaking of a pole is almost sure to make him lose confi- 
dence, which it is very hard to regain. In some instances 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. I05 

it is never recovered, and without it one might as well 
quit vaulting altogether. 

Most persons experience difficulty in obtaining their 
grasp on the pole at the take-off, when the bar is at great 
height. Adhesive tire-tape, wrapped around the pole, 
where it is held, gives the best assistance to prevent the 
hands from slipping. The place where the pole is planted 
should be of clay, wet and well pounded down, so as to 
permit as little slip as possible. The spike on the pole 
should be long. This is of special importance where the 
person depends on his speed for his rise, and the import- 
ance is increased if he be heavy. The length of the spike 
should depend, to a certain extent, on the kind of earth in 
which it is placed. Where the take-off is soft the spike 
should be longer. I had best results with a four-inch 
spike. 

The place where the pole should be planted depends 
upon the individual, but, as a rule, about a foot from the 
bar is the proper distance. The standards should be well 
apart so as to reduce as much as possible the chance of 
falling on them. The ground should be dug up at least 
ten inches deep, in a space of eight feet square, directly 
back of the bar. This should be smoothed off after each 
jump to keep the landing spot as soft as possible. At the 
lower heights the hands may be kept well apart, say two 
and a half or three feet, and the run may be short. When 
approaching his limit one should have his hands not more 
than two feet apart, and the run should be as hard as pos- 
sible. He should mark off the length of his run. When 
he finds that he gets his step properly, so that he may 
know just where to start on future occasions. This is 
very necessary. I always had two marks, one at 75 and 
the other at 42 feet, by which I gauged my step. 

Outdoor vaulting, like the indoor event, is too violent 
to be depended on entirely for training. One must use 
other exercises. In a general way these directions may 



Io6 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

be followed. Take five or six starts of thirty yards each 
day, followed by high jumping three days in the week, 
and by vaulting the other three. Once a week, at least, 
try for height. On the other two occasions perfect the 
form at the lower heights. Take an occasional 220-yard 
dash and once in a while a quarter for endurance. The 
exercise of the arms and shoulders should still be kept up 
regularly, notwithstanding the fact that it is very monot- 
onous. The third week before the contest do your hard- 
est work. By this time you have developed your speed 
and spring and strength of arms. Now, spend all your 
time making use of them in vaulting. Practice every day. 
but be careful not to train down too far. In the second 
week ease up considerably, but do enough running to keep 
your wind good. On, say, Monday, or not later than 
Tuesday (supposing the contest to come on Saturday) 
have a try-out and go as high as possible under the same 
conditions as in the competition. Then do not touch a 
pole again until the games take place. Do no more heavy 
work and take only a few starts each day. This will give 
you a chance to get back a great deal of the snap and 
spring which the hard work has driven away. The diet 
in training should be the same as that in preparing for the 
other track events. There is a difference of opinion as to 
what this ought to be, as you will see by reading over the 
other articles on that subject in this book. I believe in 
eating plenty of vegetables with a moderate amount of 
meat that is fairly well cooked. Let tobacco and also al- 
coholic stimulants alone. Take regular sleep and enough 
of it, but not too much. Most people in training need at 
least eight hours of sleep, and few more than nine. Too 
much sleep makes one feel slow and heavy. The muscles 
of the legs and arms should be kept soft by rubbing, and 
whenever the ankles become stiff they should be soaked 
thoroughly in hot water. When the calves and feet be- 
come sore rest is the only remedy. The general idea to 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. I07 

hold in mind is to get enough strength and endurance to 
last through the contest, which is always a long one, and 
at the same time to get as much speed as possible. 

It is needless to say that great care should be taken to 
prevent over-training, and at the first appearance of this 
condition one should let up on his work temporarily. It 
is always better to go into a contest a little under-trained 
than over-trained. 



I08 W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 

PUTTING THE SHOT. 

BY HENRY F. COCHEMS. 

In discussing methods of training for the shot put my 
discussion must necessarily be subjective from observation 
of personal results. However, I shall eliminate any sug- 
gestions not of general interest and application. 

The idea is almost universally entertained that the only 
requisite for successful shot putting is a massive, giant 
brawn. Nothing could be further from the truth. There 
is no standard event in the whole schedule of athletic 
feats which demands a general symmetrical development 
more imperatively than putting the shot. Nervous activity, 
agility, and the ability to focus your extremest nervous 
eftort at the crucial moment of delivery are as absolute 
essentials as brawn and sinew. That this combination of 
muscular and nervous qualities is necessary is manifest 
from the history of successful shot putters. 

George R. Gray weighed only 186 pounds when he 
established the world's records in shots of all weights. 
Garrett, of Princeton, weighed less than 180 pounds when 
he won the event at Berkeley Oval last year. For four 
successive years the record has been held in the W. I. A. 
A. A. by men below 175 pounds. 

The physical condition of men, so far as this is promoted 
l>y diet, rubbing and massage baths, and abundant rest and 
sleep, is much in conformity with the generally accepted 
methods of training sprinters and other track athletes, the 
only essential distinction being that in the shot put the 
effort to reduce weight should be less radical. 

In training for condition the dominant purpose obvi- 
ously is to bring to their highest efficiency on the day of 
the contest three things: 

(i) The elastic muscular condition. 

(2) Abundant nervous energy. 

(3) Mental vitality — i. e., the absence of interest in your 
event. Your work should cultivate a vital and ambitious 
interest. This seems distinct from physical condition. 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. lOQ 

Neither of the above three can be subordinate to the 
other without sacrifice of the best results. 

Ahnost invariably trainers unconsciously ignore the 
last two elements in a man's condition and strive only 
for the first. This is especially the error of the old school 
of trainers. The result is that they overwork their men 
and drain them of the reserve energy with which they 
should be full to overflowing on the day of the contest. 

Above all, then, do not overtrain in the shot put. From 
three to five throws per day are sui^cient. Eight or ten 
shorter puts for practice on "form" provide abundant work 
for one day. I would not throw the "best" I had in me 
more than once in three days. I would not touch a weight 
at all at least three days before a hard contest. Build up, 
and when you enter the ring after such a respite from work 
a shot will feel comparatively light to you. 

The best shot putter will not confine himself exclusively 
to work in the shot put. This is what produces mental 
"staleness," and that condition is fatal to results. Drop 
your work for an interval. Such apparent waste of time 
is profitable. You may substitute short sprints and start- 
ing from the "mark." Indeed, such work is always a valu- 
able auxiliary. To avoid mental "staleness" move your 
ring frequently, use shots of different weights, 12, 16 or 20 
pounds— anything to give you variety. 

Never permit yourself to contract the habit of "fouling." 
Tt is dangerous when under pressure in a contest. 

In the mechanical directions for putting the shot four 
points of vital importance occur to me. 

(i) Secure elevation in your throw; raise the shot high 
unconsciously. A man shirks work here because the 
strain of putting is severe. 

(2) Labor to increase your speed in the ring. It is re- 
markable how effective a persistent effort toward this 

result is. 

(3) Hold the shot in your hand deeply, so that the centre 
of the shot is in direct line with the ulna and radius of 



W. I. A. A. A. HANDBOOK. 



the forearm. Do not hold shot forward in the fingers; 
they yield when you deliver. 

(4) When you deliver the shot do not permit the elbow 
to swing out from the body. Your hand should turn in 
the delivery so the palm faces outward from the body. 
Then the delivery is firm and unyielding. 

In standing in the ring ready for delivery, stand rigidly 
erect, with body inclined well back. Do not crouch; it 
impedes fast work. The successive positions of your feet 
should be approximately as below: 

A B 




(A) Initial position is as in A; then make rapid step for- 
ward, weight resting on right foot, to position 

(B) Then pivot on left foot, changing right foot to posi- 
tion R in 

(C) Then, rising on toe of right foot, deliver the shot, 
extending every muscle to its utmost. 




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best English steel spikes, firmly riveted on. ^^ ^^ 
Per pair JpO.OO 

No. 10. Finest Calfskin Running Shoe. Light 

Nveight, hand-made, six spikes. I'er pair, . $4.50 



No. 11. Calfskin Running Shoe. 

five spikes. I'cr pair, 



Catalogue of All Sports mailed Free, 



Machine-made, 
. . . $3.00 



A. Q. SPALDING & BROS. 



NEW YORK 
PHILADELPHIA 



CHICAGO 
WASHINGTON 




SPALDING'S ' 

fltWetic $birt$ * 
...and Pants 

For Running, Jumping^ 
"Walking and Athletic Sports 

SLEEVELESS SHIRTS 

No. ( E. Best Worsted, full fashioned, any color, - $2.50 

No. 600, Cut Worsted, full fashioned. Navy, Black, i 

Marocjn, _---_. 1.75i 

No. 6E. Sanitary Cotton, White, Navy, Black, - ,50 

QUARTER SLEEVE SHIRTS 

No. IF. Best Worsted, full fashioned, any color, - 2.50 
No. 60 h Cut Worsted, full fashioned, Navy, Black, 

Maroon, - - - - - -1.75 

No. 6F, Sanitary Cotton, White, Navy, Black, - .50. 

ATHLETIC PANTS j 

No. f. White or Black Sateen, with or without 

stripes on siile, fly front, lace back, - - . 1.25' 

I No. 2. White or Black Sateen, with or without ' 

stripes on side, elastic back, - - - - I.OO' 

No. 3, White or Black Silesia, fly front, elastic 

I back, no stripes, - _ . . _ ,75 

No. 4. White or Black Sateen, elastic waist, no ' 

stripes, -_-... .50' 

When Ordering Pants ivith Stripes, give Color Desired. ( 

COMPLETE CATALOGUE OF ALL ATHLETIC SPORTS MAILED FREE TO ANY ADDRESS. ■ 

I A. G. Spalding & Bros. ( 



SPALDING'S 

Official Basket Ball Goods. 




Frederic B. Pkatt, Charles E. Patterson, Luther Gulick,M.D., 
Chairman. Treasurer, Secretary, 

The Athletic League of Young Men's Christian 
Associations of North America, 

40 East Twenty-third Street, 
New York City. 

SpRiNcnELD, Mass., Sept 9, 1896 

Messrs. A. G. Spalding & Bros., 

''Dear Sirs: I am authorized to inform 
you that the Governing Committee of the 
Athletic League has decided to adopt your 
Basket Ball and Goal as the Official "Basket 
"Ball and Goal for the coming year; and 
also to request you to publish the official 
basket ball rules. 

I am, sincerly yours» 

LUTHER GULICK, 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

Hew York. Chicago. Philadelphia 





mmWi Sweaters 



Our " Highest Quality " 
Sweaters are made of the 
very finest Austrah'an 
lamb's wool and are exceed- 
ingly soft and pleasant to 
wear. They are full fash- 
ioned to body and arms and 
without seams of any kind. 
We call special attention to 
the"Intercollegiate" grade, 
which were originally made 
by special order for llic Yale luot ball eleven and are now exclusively useJ 
by all Intercollegiate players. They are considerably heavier than the 
heaviest sweater ever knitted and cannot be furnished by any other maker, 
as we have exclusive control of this special weight. The various grades in 
our "Highest Quality" Sweaters are identical in quality and finish, the 
difference in price being due entirely to variations in weight. Colors: 
White, Navy Blue, Black and Maroon. 



"No. A. 'MntercoUegiate," 
No. B. Heavy weight, 
No. C. Standard weight, 



^P!£L $7.00 



wciglit, 



5.00 
4.50 



Complete Catalogue of Athletic Uniforms and all other requisites for Indoor 
and Outdoor Sports mailed free to any address. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia Washington 



W 






W^ 



Spalding's 

Cbcst 

Oltigbts 







FORHOME^ 
EXERCISING 

"VIO apparatus for home exercis- 
ing covers the field so thor- 
oughly as the Spalding Chest 
Weights. N o instructions are 
necessary'', and bj' simply follow- 
ing the chart furnished with each 
machine all the muscles of the 
body may be easily and pleasantly 
exercised and with sufficient vari- 
ations in the movements to relieve 
it of monotony. 

No. 7. With Cross Bar ^nd 
Double Hanilles for two-handed 
exercises. PIspecially adaptetl 
to small rooms. 1.5 lb. weights, 
japan finish, . ... $7.50 

No. 6. Our No. 6 Chest Weight is the same as our No. .'5, without the 
Centre Arm Adjustment; IG lb. weights, japan finish, . . . $io.OO 

No. 5. Japan Finish, 1«) lb. weights, . ._ I5-00 

No. 5A. Nickel-plated trimmings, 16 lb. weights, 18.OO 

The No. 5 machine has the Centre Arm Adjustment which permits of 
all the lower as well as the direct and upper chest movements. The 
various changes are made by raising or lowering the centre arm, requir- 
ing but a few seconds to do it, and practically combines in one machine 
a complete gymnasium. 



Complete Catalogue of Fall and Wi7iter Sports Mailed Free. 



New York 
Phiadelpbia 



Chicago 
Washington 



K%.$vMm $f Bros. 






spalding's 
Bicycle Sundries. 

We carry a complete lin 
of Bicycle Sundries ant 
shall be pleased to sent 
Catalogue on application. 

Lamps 
Bells 
Enamel 
Tire Cement 
Rubber Cement 
3 in 1 Compound 
*«RR'* Compound 
Illuminating Oil 
Lubricating Oil 
Repair Kits 
Cyclometers 
Bicycle Watches 
Cork Grips 
_ Oil Cans 

Trouser Guards 

Wrenches 

Chains 

Bundle Carriers 

Pumps 

Saddles 

Bicycle Stands 

Toe Clips 

Tool Bags 

Foot Brakes 

Whistles 

Screwdrivers 

In fact, everything which 
is of use to bicyclists. 

A. Q. SPALDING & BROS. ''^"'^"jV.ude.phfa""'^ 






HIGHEST.... 
QUALITY 



SPALDING'S 

BOXING GLOVES 




**i&^^^j-^-^^^^^^^^^-^^^^?JJ^^?^^*^*^^»5J'*^^^*^^*^** 



Representing the highest grade of material, workmanship and finish, 

and the most perfect in design our past experience 

enables us to produce. 

No. I 30, Spalding's Highest Quality 8-oz. *' Instructor's " Safety 
Glove, with Graham's Patent Finger Protector and Bennett's 
New Heel Pad, giving absolute protection to the sparrer under 
all conditions ; made of the finest California tanned kid, laced 
front and stuffed with best curled hair. A very large and soft 
glove. Per set of four gloves, $7.50 

No. (OO. Spalding's Highest Quality 6-oz. "Sparring" Glove, 
with Graham's Patent Safety Grip and Finger Protector; made 
of extra quality velvet tanned dogskin, stuffed with best curled 
hair and lace front. . . . Per set of four gloves, $7.50 

No. I 15, Spalding's Highest Quality 5-oz. "Club" Glove, with 
Graham's Patent Safety Grip, extra quality velvet tanned dog- 
skin, stuffed with best curled hair, lace front and heavily padded 
wrists ; made in accordance with legal regulations governing 
public contests. ... Per set of four gloves, $7.50 

Catalogue for alt Athletic Sports and Uniforms 
Mailed Free to any Address. 





A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 



CSLicago 



Philadelphia. 



SPALDING'S^js^ 

STRIKING BAGS 



y^*^ 

«;•■•.?• 









Ml* 






^^ 




^ ' HIGHEST QUALITY CORBETT BAG. 

No. 18. Designed and endorsed by 
James J. Corbett, champion of the 
world. Made of the very finest grain leather, specially 
tanned for this bag, extra well and carefully made 
throughout, and each bag the exact duplicate of the 
one used by Champion Corbett in training and for ex- 
hibition purposes. Splendidly adapted for gymnasium 
work. Complete, in box ^'$ ( O.OO 

HIGHEST QUALITY GYMNASIUM 
BAG. No. 13. Made in regulation 
size and of the finest imported pebble 
grain leather; the sewing and workmanship through- 
out are of the most substantial character, and we have 
spared no expense in making this an ideal bag for 
gymnasium work. The bladder is of a special grade 
of red Para rubber, extra heavy, and made expressly 
for this bag. It is extremely lively and 
very durable. We recommend nothing 
cheaper in striking bags intended for 
gymnasium use. Packed complete, in 

box $8.00 

No. 12. THE STANDARD SPECIAL. 



legu 



lation size, made of selected oil tanned 



m 



-.•i'-.V 



grain leather, silk stitched and carefully 
made. This bag is particularly adapted 
for quick work. Each bag complete in 
box $5.00 

Nolo. THE STANDARD. Regula- 
tion size, made of specially tanned glove 
leather, substantially put together. Each 
bag complete in box $4.00 

No. 17. THE EXPERT. Regulation 
size, made of fine Napa leather and well fin- 
ished. Each bag complete in box, $3.50 

No. 16. THE PRACTICE. Medium 
size, fine grain leather cover and well 
made throughout. Each bag complete in box $2.50 

EXTRA BLADDERS. 

No. A. For Corbett Bag No. 18 and Gymnasium Bag No. 13. Extra 
fine quality rubber and expressly made for these bags $ ( .25 

No. B. For Bags Nos. 12, 10 and 17. Fine quality rubber and very 
durable $ I .CO 

No.C. ForBagNo.16 75c. 

A. Q. SPALDING & BROS., "'•- I'^'t,.,,^^^'"'- 



•■•••.•'• 



)|Ri= 



Wi 






'^^ 






■;V.>a.J!»:*.V(»aa.iJi: 



i!*i^ 






SPALDING'S 

Indoor Base Ball Goods. 




INDOOR BASE BALLS. 

No. I , Spalding's Trade Mark Indoor Ease Ball, horsehlde 
cover, regulation size and weight, as adopted by the leading 
indoor base ball leagues, . . . . Each, $ | ,0O 

INDOOR BASE BALL BATS. 

No. I . Spalding's Regulation Eat, with hollow rubber ball on 
end, made from second growth hickory, very fine, and used by 
all the leading Leagues, regulation size, . Each, 50C« 

INDOOR BASES. 





Home Plate. 



No. (, 
No. 2. 
No. 3. 

Our CO 



Base. 

Indoor Canvas Bases, 10-oz. Duck, unfilled. Per set of 3, $3.00 
Indoor Canvas Bases, 8-oz. Duck, unfilled, " " ** '^" 

Indoor Rubber Home Plate, .... 



2.00 
1.00 



iplete catalogue of Fall and Winter Sports, containing everything m 
athletics as well as uniforms for the various sports 
mailed free to any address. 



A. Q. Spalding & Bros., 

NEW YORK. CHICAGO. PHILADELPHIA 



Shepard's "Bevel Gear" Cyclometer 

(.PATENTED SEPT. 24, 1897 J 

Is made like a fine watch in Finish, Durability and Accuracy. 
Only 11-16 of an Inch in Diameter. Weight, iH ounces, without 
the holder. Every part made from hardened brass and Lronze, and 
nickel-plated, making it dust and rust proof 




No. 2 
Has also the 
Striker. Detachable Holder. 

of Shepard Cyclometer. 



Using this detachable holder the cyclometer can oe detached 
and carried in the pocket. Riders who have had their cyclo- 
meters broken off in transit on railroads will appreciate this. 

IT IS ABSOLUTELY SECURE, and the cyclometer can be 
easily taken off or put on without changing the adjustment in 
any way. 

REQUIRES NO LUBRICANT The plate over the register i. 
^ ^ selected cut glass. 1 he inside 

gear mechanism is a marvel of simplicity and accuracy — not a spring 
in the entire construction. A positive geared motion with every 
revolution of the bicycle wheel. 

...EVERY ONE WARRANTED... 

Records to 10,000 Miles, and Repeats. 

The Cyclometer is made to go on left hand side of Bicycle— the 
mounting and dismounting side. 

No. 1. Shepard Cyclometer, with Regular Holder, Each, $1.00 
No. 2. Shepard Cyclometer, Mith Regular and De- 
tachable lluldcr, " 1.25 

Send for Complete Bicycle Sundries Catalogue. 

PhUaTelphU A. 0. SPALDING & BROS. S'JfhfnVon 



jmatomical 
Saddle... 



Has awakened the 
cycling public to the 
danger of cycling 
unless mounted on a 
properly construct- 
ed saddle. The 
Christy has the en- 
dorsement of thous- 
ands of physicians 
who use it themselves 
patients. Many of the 





Pelvis as it rests on the Christy. 

and prescribe it for their 
leading bicycle manufac- 
turers have adopted 
it as the exclusive 
equipment on their 
wheels. Insist upon 
having the Christy 
on your wheel. No 
dealer will lose a sale 
on account of your 
preference. 



Pelvis as it 
rests on the 
ordinary saddle. 



Send for booklet, " Bi- 
cycle Saddles, from a 
Physician's Standpoint," 
free. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA WASHINGTON 



"-r R Ao^ 



AfARV^ 



"'WenGanAssocia/v 



O/i 



*^ DOUBLE STITCH 

Adopted ByThe American Association 



^VARR/ilMT^D 



THE REACH BALL 

When merit is the best, it stands 
pre-eminently alone as 

The Best 

It keeps its shape 
It gives satisfaction 
it is guaranteed 

MAKERS 

A. J. REACH CO. 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



Physical 

T^^^:^:*^^ BY PROF. 

1 raining e.bwarman 
Simplified 

Complete, Thorough and 
Practical. The whole man 
considered. Fully adapted J 
to the needs of both sexes. 

No Apparatus 
^ Required 

This system is complete 
in itself, as it brings into 
healthful action every joint 
and muscle of the body ^ 
without the use of any ^1 
apparatus whatever. 

^ Price, 10 Cents 

American Sports PublisbingCo. 

2U Broadway, New York 



p^mmmm^mmm^BBBmmmmmmmm-^&m^-^mmm-^mmBmmmmm. 




# # 



^5,^ \^ 



mi 



# # # 



# 



'^0^ # 



Price 
com= 
plete 



¥ 



^ 







Official 
Tntmollegiate 
Toot Ball 



77|E have spared no expense in making this 
\M ball perfect in every detail, and offer 
it as the very finest Foot Ball ever 
produced. Each ball is thoroughly tested, 
packed in a separate box and sealed, so that 
our customers are guaranteed a perfect ball 
inside when same is received with seal un- 
broken. A polished brass Foot Ball Inflater 
will be packed with each Intercollegiate 
Foot Ball without extra charge. Used ex- 
clusively in all match games between the 
leading Colleges 



USED 

EXCLUSIVELY 

BY 

Jlitibmt '^ '^ 
Cornell * » 
Dartmoutb » 
Rarvara * * 
Penn$ylv)(inla 
Princeton* * 
milliams » » 
Vale * * * » 

And all other lead- 
ing universities. 



■€-^€€€€€€€#€€€€€€€€€#€€€€€€€€€€€€€#€€€€€^' 



^^-^e;?^^ ^:^|^;se?^^^ 'c^^^c?^^^ 



t^ 



THE 

SPALDING 

OFFICIAL 

LEAGUE 

BALL 



Is the 

Officially 

Adopted 

Ball 

of all the 

Leadin§f 

Leagues and 

Associations 




^^ SPALDING 



ft 



When Stamped on Athletic Goods or Bicycles 
means 

SUPERIORITY 



Chicago 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Philadelphia "Washington 



m 






4 



# 






Spalding's 
fltbktic 
Sweaters 




shaker Made of selected 

o.„^„f<»-c American wool anil 
SWeaierS ^^f superior qualit> 
in fit and finish. Guaranteed to 
be absolutely all wool and full 
shaped to body and arms. Colors 
"White, Black, Navy 131ue and Tan. 

No. 3. Standard weight 
No. 5. Lighter Aveight, 

DiKK^H <;vi/^af Arc ^^^ ^o. 9 Sweater is made of puje woo 
KIDDea -^WeaierSf^jH^l^^p^jj^^^Qjjy^^^j j^r^y^ it is guaranteed 

superior to any sweater of equal price. 

No. 9. Medium weight, . . . $1.50 

Our No. 11 is not all wool, but contains more of it than most sweaters 
usually sold at a higher price as all wool sweaters. 

No. I la Medium weight, . . . $1.00 

TURTLE NECK PIECES ■=»■' SvVeIT^rI ^ 

An extra protection for cold or raw weather. May l^e worn with a 
light sweater and affords the same protection. Colors: White, Navy, 
Black, Maroon. Special colors or stripes to order. 

No. 15. Solid colors, . . . $1.25 

No. 20. Striped to order, . . 1 .50 



CATALOOUEof all Athletic Sports Hailed ^n. 
Free to any Address nV^^^ 




H.6.$palding^Bro$, 

New York Chicago 

Philadelphia 
Washington 









Spaldi 



ings 

PUBLISHED MONTHLY 

Devoted to Games and Pastimes 
of Interest to the Home Circle... 

I Chess 

2 Whist 

3 Dominoes and Dice 
4 Poker 

9 Checkers 5 Backgammon 

lo Bezique 6 Euchre 

II Pool 7 Billiards 

12 Pinochle 8 Ecarte 

13 Loto 
17 Go-Bang 14 Hearts 

iS Games of Patience 15 Reversi 

19 Children's Games 16 Piquet 

20 Cribbage 

21 Drawing Room Games 
22 Group of Card Games 

23 Children's Games 

24 Group of Card Games 

25 Drawing Room Games 
26 Group of Card Games 

27 Children's Games 
28 Skat 

29 Drawing Room Games 
30 Baccarat 

PRICE 10 CENTS 



American Sports Pub. Co., 

241 BROADWAY, N. Y. 



SPALDING'S 

Athletic Library 

No. Published Monthly 

2. Indian Clubs and Dumb Bells. 

4. How to Become a Boxer. 

5. Gymnastics. [Campbell. 

6. How to Phy Lawn Tennis. By Champion 

7. How to Play Base Ball. Just the thing for 

Boys. By Walter Camp. 
9. The Athlete's Guide. How to Run, Sprint, 
Jump, Walk, and Throw Weights. 

12. Association Foot Ball. 

13. Hand Ball. 

14. Curling, Hockey and Polo. 

16. Skating. A very practical book. By Champion 

18. Fencing. [Geo. D. Phillips. 

20. Cricket Guide. By Geo. Wright. 

21. Rowing. By E. J. Giannini, Champion Amateur 
2.'5. Canoeing. By C. Bowyer Vaux. [Oarsman. 

25. Swimming. By Walter G. Douglas. 

26. How to Play Foot Ball. By Walter Camp. 

27. College Athletics. By M. C. Murphy. [son. 

29. Exercising with Pulley Weights. H. S. Ander- 

30. How to Play Lacrosse. By W. H. Corbett. 
32. Practical Ball Playing. By Arthur A, Irwin. 
37. All Around Athletics 

39. Lawn Bowls. By Henry Chadwick. 

40. Archery. By James S. Mitchel. 
42. How to Use the Punching Bag. 

55. Sporting Rules ; for discus throwing, etc. 

57. Official Roller Polo Guide. 

58. Bowling. Latest rules and regulations.^ 
62. Military Cycling in the Rocky Mountains. 

Lieut. James A. Moss, U. S. A. 
G4. Spalding's Lawn Tennis Annual. 

65. Intercollegiate A. A. A. A. Guide. 

66. Technical Terms of Base Ball. 

67. Rowing Guide. 

68. Official Croquet Guide. 

61). Official A. A. U. Rules. [Walter Camp. 

70. Official Foot Ball Guide for 1897. Edited by 

71. Official Golf Guide. 

72. Physical Training Simplified. No Apparatus. 

73. Official Basket Ball Guide for 1897-8. 

74. Official Ice Hockey Rules; portraits and records. 

75. Indoor Base Ball. 

76. Official Bicycle Guide. Instructions to cyclists. 

Portraits of all leading riders ; list of records. 

77. Wrestling. 

78. Athletic Almanac for 1898. 

79. Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide. 

Per Copy, 10 cents, postpaid. 

AMERICAN SPORTS PUB. CO., 

241 BROADWAY, N. Y. 



Spalding's 



^ ^ ^ 



ILLUSTRATED 
CATALOGUE OF 



FALL AND 
WINTER..., 



Spom 



¥¥ 



FOOT BALL, ICE SKATES, GOLF AND 
POLO ^ ATHLETIC AND GYMNASIUH 
OUTFITS J> SWEATERS, HUNTING 
CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENTS, AND 
ALL ACCESSORIES FOR FALL AND 
WINTER WEAR. J^ J^ J^ ^ J^ ^ 

¥¥ 

Handsomely illustrated, and the recognized authority for standard and 
up-to-date goods. Mailed free to any address. 

¥¥ 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

!!!!! !!!!! !!!'! '!'" '■'■' "H' "••• mii iiiii mi iiii 



I 





005 901 232 # 




A. a SPALDING & BROS. 

PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO NEW YORK 

J2J6 Chestnut St. W and J49 Wabash Ave. J26-J30 Nassau St 



